Fig 1.
CONSORT flow diagram.
Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics, by treatment group.
Fig 2.
Time from randomization to treatment initiation (T0), by treatment group.
Abbreviations: IN, intranasal; IV, intravenous.
Fig 3.
Median pain scores across time, by treatment group.
Abbreviations: IN, intranasal; IV, intravenous; NRS, numerical rating scale.
Table 2.
Pain ratings 60 minutes after treatment initiation (T0), by treatment group.
Fig 4.
Change in pain scores from randomization to 60 minutes after treatment initiation (T0), by treatment group.
Abbreviations: IN, intranasal; IV, intravenous; NRS, numerical rating scale. Individual points are jittered for readability.
Table 3.
Decrease in pain ratings from treatment initiation (T0) to one hour later, using two methods to estimate pain ratings at T0.