Table 1.
Different treatments allowed for growth of Phaseolus vulgarius.
Fig 1.
Characterization of TiO2NPs: (A) TEM of TiO2NPs with oval, cubic and rod-shaped, (B) Zeta sizer of TiO2NPs at 68nm and (C) FTIR of TiO2NPS.
Table 2.
Classification of FTIR beaks of TiO2NPS.
Table 3.
Effect of salinity levels on AMF development (as indicated by trypan blue staining) and Mycorrhizal Dependency (MD) of mycorrhizal, and non-mycorrhizal plants supplemented with and without TiO2NPs.
Fig 2.
Inoculation of common bean plants roots with AMF and TiO2NPs showing: (A) mature vesicles at 90 days; (B) Arbuscular; (C) vesicles of AMF around and inside roots; (D) intraradical mycelium with vesicles; (E) symbiotic phase of AMF in roots.
Fig 3.
Colonization of AMF in roots of common bean plants in the presence and the absence of salinity stress: (A) mature arbuscule at 90 days; (B) arbuscular; (C) symbiotic phase of AM in roots (20X); (D) intraradical mycelium; (E) arbuscule of AMF under salinity stress at 90 days; (F) arbuscule, vesicles and intraradical mycelium of AMF with TiO2NPs under salinity stress.
Table 4.
Effect of salinity levels on dry wt, TI, efficiency of inoculants and TiO2NPs concentration of mycorrhizal, and non-mycorrhizal plants supplemented with and without TiO2NPs.
Table 5.
Effect of salinity levels on Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Nitrogen (N) and protein concentrations, of and mycorrhizal, non-mycorrhizal plants supplemented with and without TiO2NPs.
Table 6.
Effect of salinity levels on enzymes activity (Peroxidase, Catalase, acid & alkaline phosphates) of mycorrhizal, and non-mycorrhizal plants supplemented with and without TiO2NPs.
Table 7.
Variance (ANOVA) analysis of data for growth and physiological parameters and mycorrhiza levels of Phaseolus plants inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and TiO2NPs in the presence of salinity.
Fig 4.
PCR amplification of the nest primer region using DNA extracted from AMF colonizing roots with various treatments.
(M) DNA Marker; Lane (1) control (uninoculated with AMF), Lane (2)control (inoculated with AMF); Lane (3), AMF + TiO2NPs; Lane (4), AMF+ NaCl100mM; Lane (5), AMF+NaCl100mM+TiO2NPs; Lane (6) AMF+ NaCl 200mM; Lane (7) AMF+ NaCl200mM+TiO2NPs.
Fig 5.
PCR amplification of the Chitin synthase primer region using DNA extracted from AMF colonizing roots with various treatments.
(M) DNA Marker; Lane (1) control (uninoculated with AMF), Lane (2) control (inoculated with AMF); Lane (3), AMF + TiO2NPs; Lane (4), AMF+ NaCl100mM; Lane (5), AMF+NaCl100mM+TiO2NPs; Lane (6) AMF+ NaCl 200mMl; Lane (7) AMF+ NaCl 200mM+TiO2NPs.
Fig 6.
Molecular relative density of nest gene intensity and quantity fold under different treatments: Single AMF, paired inoculation of AMF with TiO2NPs, AMF under different salinity stress and AMF with TiO2NPs under different salinity stress.
Fig 7.
Molecular relative density of gene intensity and quantity fold under different treatments: Single AMF, paired inoculation of AMF with TiO2NPs, AMF under different salinity stress and AMF with TiO2NPs under different salinity stress.
Fig 8.
The scree plot of eigenvalue (A) and loadings plot (B) for the component number of the measured parameters for common bean plants under salinity stress in response to treatments with AMFandTiO2NPs: A:F% Frequency of mycorrhizal root segments, B:M% intensity of mycorrhizal colonization, C:A% arbuscule frequency in root systems, D:(MD) mycorrhizal dependency, E:Dry Wt. (g), F:Efficiency of inoculants, G:Tolerance index %, H:Tio2NPs concentration in root, I:Tio2NPs concentration in shoot, J:(T.F) Translocation Factors, K:(P) content, L:(K) content, M:(N) content, N:Protein content, O:Peroxidase activity, P:Catalase activity, Q:Acid Phosphates and R: Alkaline phosphates.