Fig 1.
(A, B) Principal component analysis (PCA) based on diet effects at baseline (A) and 6 months (B). The percentages of data variation explained by the first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, are indicated on the x and y axes respectively. Distributions of samples along PC1 by diets were plotted below each PCA plot. Blue squares represent CON diet while orange ones represent CPB diet. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (C) Pie chart shows percentage of each metabolite class. (D) Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) identified ten metabolites with the highest Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores, which indicates discriminant power between groups.
Table 1.
Metabolites with significant diet by time interaction.
Fig 2.
Fold changes between CPB vs. CON diets in (A) polyunsaturated FAs, (B) ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 FAs, (C) acylcarnitines and deoxycarnitine, (D) straight chain, branched chain, and dicarboxylic FAs, and (E) L-arginine, L-citrulline, and 2-aminobutyric acid (AABA) at baseline (0) and 6 months (6). Red, green, and gold bars along x-axis depict (A) omega-3, -6, and -9 FAs respectively and (D) straight, branched chain, and dicarboxylic FAs respectively. A negative fold change represents a decrease from baseline to 6 months.
Fig 3.
Heatmaps of changes of phospholipids (A) and sphingomyelins (B) from baseline to 6 months. Legends: diet groups are represented by red (CON) and green (CPB) boxes on the top of the heatmaps; Keys: orange indicates increases while blue indicates decreases from baseline.
Table 2.
Sphingomyelin species with long chain saturated fatty acids.
Fig 4.
Scatterplots of changes between left atrial diameter (LAD) and (A) methylpalmitate, (B) carboxyethyl-GABA, (C) ceramide, (D) adipoylcarnitine, and (E) margarate. Correlation coefficients (r) and adjusted p-values (FDR) from Spearman’s correlation analysis are shown in the plots. A linear regression line is also drawn in each plot.