Fig 1.
At different ages, the blood S-glutathionylated GAPDH levels of the patients with AD were higher than those of the controls.
(A) The controls were separated into the age ranges of 20–29 (n = 18), 30–39 (n = 3), 40–49 (n = 13), 50–59 (n = 32), 60–69 (n = 46), 70–79 (n = 56), and 80–89 years (n = 23), for comparison with the patients with AD aged 40–69 (n = 8), 70–79 (n = 18), and 80–89 years (n = 21). a, bDifferent letters indicate significant differences, as determined by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.001). (B) The comparison between the total set of controls aged 20–79 years (n = 191) and the total set of patients with AD aged 40–89 years (n = 47) showed significant differences (***p < 0.001).
Table 1.
The blood S-glutathionylated GAPDH levels were separated by gender for comparisons between the controls and the patients with AD.
Fig 2.
Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve used to identify the criterion based on the blood S-glutathionylated GAPDH levels for AD diagnosis.
(A) The criterion was a blood S-glutathionylated GAPDH level > 251.62 ng/dL. The sensitivity was 95.74%, and the specificity was 92.67%. The numbers 0 and 1 represent the controls and patients with AD, respectively. (B) The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.983 ± 0.0.00691, which indicated a high accuracy for AD diagnosis with a 95% CI of 0.957–0.995 (z statistic 69.814, p < 0.0001).
Fig 3.
The blood S-glutathionylated GAPDH levels of the healthy controls from the community (1) are markedly lower than those of the controls from the outpatient psychosomatic clinic (2) and the patients with AD.
a, b, c Different letters indicate significant differences, as determined by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.001).
Fig 4.
Novel pathway through which the release of blood S-glutathionylated GAPDH from apoptotic neurons reflects the extent of neuronal apoptosis in AD brains.