Fig 1.
Study location map of Kumaon region, Uttarakhand.
Table 1.
Details of study stations and rainfall data availability.
Fig 2.
(a) MFs of two input variables in TSK model, and (b) architecture of proposed CANFIS model.
Fig 3.
Three-layer MLPNN configuration.
Fig 4.
The statitstical calculation of the partial autocorrelation function PACF for (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 at Alomra station.
Fig 5.
The statitstical calculation of the partial autocorrelation function (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 at Bageshwar station.
Fig 6.
The statitstical calculation of the partial autocorrelation function PACF for (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 at Champawat station.
Fig 7.
The statitstical calculation of the partial autocorrelation function PACF for (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 at Nainital station.
Fig 8.
The statitstical calculation of the partial autocorrelation function PACF for (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 at Pithoragarh station.
Fig 9.
The statitstical calculation of the partial autocorrelation function PACF for (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 at Pantnagar station.
Table 2.
Output-input relationship of SPI for prediction using CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models at study stations.
Table 3.
Percentage of training and testing datasets for CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models at study stations.
Table 4.
RMSE, NSE, COC and WI values for multi-scalar SPI by CANFIS model during testing period at study stations.
Table 5.
RMSE, NSE, COC and WI values for multi-scalar SPI by MLPNN model during testing period at study stations.
Table 6.
RMSE, NSE, COC and WI values for multi-scalar SPI by MLR model during testing period at study stations.
Fig 10.
Scatter plots of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Almora station.
Fig 11.
Scatter plots of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Bageshwar station.
Fig 12.
Scatter plots of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Champawat station.
Fig 13.
Scatter plots of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Nainital station.
Fig 14.
Scatter plots of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Pithoragarh station.
Fig 15.
Scatter plots of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Pantnagar station.
Fig 16.
Taylor diagram of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Almora station.
Fig 17.
Taylor diagram of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Bageshwar station.
Fig 18.
Taylor diagram of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Champawat station.
Fig 19.
Taylor diagram of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Nainital station.
Fig 20.
Taylor diagram of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Pithoragarh station.
Fig 21.
Taylor diagram of predicted and calculated (a) SPI-1, (b) SPI-3, (c) SPI-6, (d) SPI-9, (e) SPI-12, and (f) SPI-24 values by CANFIS, MLPNN and MLR models in testing period at Pantnagar station.
Table 7.
Comparison of CANFIS, MLPNN, and MLR results at study stations.