Table 1.
Blumenavia specimens analyzed in molecular analysis.
Genbank accession numbers for each region of the sequences included in this study. Accession numbers in bold are from newly generated sequences. Absences of sequences are marked with “–”.
Fig 1.
Bayesian tree from concatenated matrix (ITS1/5.8S/ITS2/LSU/ATP6/RPB2/TEF-1α).
Numbers above branches indicate maximum parsimony bootstrap (MPbs), posterior probability (PP) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (MLbs) values. Asterisks represents type species. To the right, basidiomata of each species. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Fig 2.
Species delimitation for Blumenavia rhacodes, B. heroica sp. nov. and B. baturitensis sp. nov.
(A) Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian analysis on concatenated five loci dataset using MrBayes. (B) bPTP PhyloMap [40] based on Bayesian analysis. (C) Topo-phylogenetic representation [41] of Bayesian analysis. Blumenavia rhacodes specimens: ICN 176968, ICN 177266; B. heroica sp. nov. specimens XAL S. Chacón 5257-A, (paratype), XAL E Gándara 1455 (holotype), XAL D. Jarvio 778 (paratype), B. baturitensis sp. nov. specimens: UFRN-Fungos 1943 (paratype), UFRN-Fungos 2868 (holotype).
Fig 3.
Geophylogeny proposed for Blumenavia.
In nodes: pink Blumenavia toribiotalpaensis; orange B. heroica sp. nov.; blue B. baturitensis sp. nov.; red B. rhacodes; purple B. angolensis; brown B. crucis-hellenicae sp. nov.
Fig 4.
(A) Fresh basidiomata from São Tomé, reproduced from Degreef et al. [8] Fig 2C, © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. (B) Fresh basidiomata from São Tomé, reproduced from Desjardin and Perry [11] Fig 6, © Desjardin and Perry. (C) Basionym Laternea angolensis, reproduced from Welwitsch and Currey [5] Tab. 17, Fig 7. (D) Illustration reproduced from Dring [4] Fig 15F, © Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (A–D) bar = 10 mm.
Fig 5.
Blumenavia baturitensis sp. nov.
(A) Fresh basidiomata, UFRN-Fungos 2868, holotype. (B–I) UFRN-Fungos 1943, paratype: (B) Fresh basidiomata; (C) Dry basidiomata; (D) Wrinkled tentacular projections of glebifer; (E) Glebifer projections forming a larger projection leaving a fusiform space between them; (F, G) Torn and twisted glebifers in arms; (H) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 5% KOH; (I) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 1% Congo red. (J, K) UFRN-Fungos 2868, holotype: (J) Rhizomorph hyphae in 1% Congo red; (K) Basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent. (A, B, D) Arrows indicating membranous wrinkled, tentacled glebifers. (A–C) bar = 10 mm; (D, E) bar = 1 mm; (F, G) bar = 0.5 mm; (H–K) bar = 5 μm.
Fig 6.
Blumenavia crucis-hellenicae sp. nov.
(A, B) Fresh basidiomata, SMDB 18116, holotype. (C) Dry basidiomata, ICN 177268, paratype. (D, E) Glebifer as a cross-shaped pyramidal structure: (D) Fresh, SMDB 18116, holotype; (E) Dry stuck in one arm, ICN 177268, paratype. (F, G) Glebifers like teeth along the extension of the arms: (F) Fresh, SMDB 18116, holotype; (G) Dry, ICN 177268, paratype. (H–K) ICN 177268, paratype: (H) Basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent; (I) Rhizomorph hyphae in 1% Congo red; (J) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 1% Congo red; (K) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 5% KOH. (A) Arrows indicating the longitudinal outer and inner grooves. (A–E) bar = 10 mm; (F, G) bar = 5 mm; (H–K) bar = 5 μm.
Fig 7.
(A–B) Dry basidiomata: (A) S. Chacón 5257-A, paratype; (B) XAL R. Medel 672, paratype. (C) Groove in the outer face of the arm, XAL D. Jarvio 370, paratype. (D) Glebifers forming by parallel lines curving inward, S. Chacón 5257-A, paratype. (E, F) XAL R. Medel 672, paratype: (E) Glebifers forming by parallel lines curving inward not sparse in the upper half of the basidiomata; (F) Spaced glebifers. (G, H) XAL E. Gándara 1455, holotype: (G) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 5% KOH; (H) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 1% Congo red. (I) Rhizomorph hyphae in 1% Congo red, XAL S. Chacón 4475, paratype. (J) Basidiospores in 5% KOH, XAL E. Gándara 1455, holotype. (A, D, E, F) Arrows indicating glebifers. (B, C) Arrows indicating longitudinal outer groove. (A, B) bar = 10 mm; (C, E, F) bar = 1 mm; (D) bar = 5 mm; (G–J) bar = 5 μm.
Fig 8.
Blumenavia rhacodes photographs.
(A–C) Reproduced from Möller [3], Tab. III: (A) Fig 1A sintype; (B) Fig 2 sintype; (C) Fig 3, lent from B Herbarium B700016469, sintype. (D) Lent from B Herbarium, B700016470. (A–D) bar = 10 mm.
Fig 9.
(A) Peridium layers, ICN177267: Ex = exoperidium, M = mesoperidium, E = endoperidium. (B–C) ICN 177266, epitype: (B) Fresh basidiomata; (C) Dry basidiomata. (D) Basidiomata preserved in alcohol, HBG 024640. (E–G) B700016478, lectotype: (E) Dry basidiomata; (F) Groove in the arm. (G) Dry glebifer. (H–K) ICN 177266, epitype. (H) Dry glebifer; (I) Fresh glebifer; (J–K) ICN 177266, epitype: (J) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 5% KOH; (K) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 1% Congo red. (L) Rhizomorph hyphae in 1% Congo red, PACA 12552. (M) Basidiospores in 5% KOH, PACA 12550. (B, C, G, H, I) Arrows indicating glebifers. (F) Arrow indicating the longitudinal outer groove. (A) bar = 0.2 mm; (B, C, E) bar = 10 mm; (F–I) bar = 1mm; (J–M) bar = 5 μm. Photographs: (B, I) sent by Fazolino E. P.; (D) sent by Matthias Schultz.
Fig 10.
(A) Fresh basidiomata, black and white image reproduced Vargas-Rodriguez and Vázquez-García [7] Fig 3, © Vargas-Rodriguez and Vázquez-García. (B, C) Dry basidiomata, BPI 870955, holotype. (D) Dry basidiomata, IBUG 456, paratype. (E) Top view of fresh basidiomata show groove in the arm, black and white image reproduced from Vázquez-García [7] Fig 5, © Vargas-Rodriguez and Vázquez-García. (F) Lacerated projections of glebifer, BPI 870955, holotype. (G, H) Torn and twisted points of glebifer, BPI 870955, holotype. (I, J) IBUG 454, paratype: (I) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 5% KOH; (J) Apical exoperidium hyphae in 1% Congo red. (K) Rhizomorph hyphae in 1% Congo red, IBUG 240a, isotype. (L) Basidiospores in 5% KOH, IBUG 456, paratype. (A–B) bar = 10 mm; (F–H) bar = 1 mm; (I–L) = 5 μm.
Fig 11.
Blumenavia usambarensis, B 700016468, holotype.
(A, B) Dry basidiomata. (C) Arm edge and glebifer. (D) Rhizomorph hyphae in 1% Congo red. (E) Basidiospores in 5% KOH. (A, B) bar = 10 mm; (C) bar = 1 mm; (D–E) = 5 μm.