Fig 1.
Expressions of basic and self-conscious emotions used in Study 1.
The expression pictures were adopted from the UC Davis set of emotional expressions (UCDSEE; [23]) with the permission of the copyright holder. Dimensions of the pictures have been adjusted for the current presentation.
Fig 2.
SAM Valence (A), arousal (B) and dominance (C) ratings of ten emotional expressions. Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals of the estimated marginal means.
Fig 3.
Ratings on perpetrators’ perceived moral sense, conformity, and appropriateness of their reaction.
Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals of the estimated marginal means.
Fig 4.
Flowchart of Study 2 trial structure.
Table 1.
Means and standard errors of empathy, moral judgments, and punitive and cooperative intentions presented as a function of perpetrator’s expression.
Fig 5.
Regression model of emotional expressions’ effect on mediators and mediators’ relation to cooperation and punishment ratings.
Coefficients are unstandardized regression coefficients, emotional expressions were contrasted with shame when comparing independent to mediator, and severity of transgression was used as a covariate. A’s refer to emotional expressions' influence on mediators and b’s to mediators’ effect on cooperation and punishment when all the other mediators in the model are controlled for. For the complete output of the regression results see S4 Appendix.
Table 2.
Relative direct and indirect effects of emotional expressions contrasted to shame on cooperation and punishment estimated with ordinary least squares path analysis.