Table 1.
Patients characteristics.
Fig 1.
(A) Boxplots showing distribution of Richness, Shannon and Simpson alpha diversity indices between the all malignant effusions and all non-malignant effusion. (B) Boxplots showing distribution of Richness, Shannon and Simpson alpha diversity indices between the breast adenocarcinoma (BA-MPE), lung adenocarcinoma (LA-MPE), non-malignant and rest of the malignant groups. The * and ** represent p-values of ≤ 0.05 and p-value ≤ 0.01 respectively determined using paired t-test.
Fig 2.
Analyses of Composition of Microbiome (ANCOM) to identify statistically significant Exact Sequence Variants (ESVs) between (A) malignant and non-malignant, (B) lung adenocarcinoma (LA-MPE) and non-malignant group, (C) LA-MPE and BA-MPE, and (D) breast adenocarcinoma (BA-MPE) and non-malignant group. The p-values corrected using Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (i.e. q-values) are presented. X-axis shows relative abundance. ANCOM calculations were adjusted for age, BMI, ECOG performance status and smoking status.
Fig 3.
Distribution of all taxa (that are greater than 1% abundant) in the pleural fluid in malignant and non-malignant groups (A) and in BA-MPE and LA-MPE groups.
Fig 4.
Source tracker analyses results- we used publicly available data from the Human Microbiome Project to identify potential sources (or contamination) of bacterial ESVs enriched in the pleural microbiome.
16S rRNA gene sequencing data from buccal mucosa, hard palate, saliva, throat, and tongue dorsum were used as potential sources for the oral cavity and right and left antecubital fossa as representative of skin associated sources. Here (A) we report the relative proportion distribution of each of the sources in the Pleural microbiome of the total study population (38) as well pleural microbiome data displayed in group-wise fashion. A magnified view of the contribution of each HMP source in each group, is depicted (B).