Fig 1.
LC: the air in the low part of the A. adenophora canopy; HC: the air in the high part of the A. adenophora canopy; YL: samples from Yunlong county (invaded region); and KM: samples from Kunming city (invaded region). The error bars represent one SE.
Fig 2.
Relative abundances of the fungal distribution at the phyla (A), family (B), and genus level(C). Others in (B) and (C) represent groups with mean relative abundance less than 0.5%.
Fig 3.
Fungal co-occurrence networks.
(A) Total fungal co-occurrence network and (B) the co-occurrence networks between Didymellaceae and Didymellaceae-linked fungi. The gray and black nodes represent fungi in the HC and in LC, respectively. The node sizes are proportional to the OTU abundances, and the color of each line reflects positive (orange) or negative (blue) associations. The numbers in parentheses represent the OTU number. DID: Didymellaceae; PER: Periconia; PEN: Penicillium; CLA: Cladosporium; ALT: Alternaria; FUS: Fusarium and U: unclassified.
Fig 4.
Phylogenetics(A),bar graph (B), and heatmap (C) of Didymellaceae. (A) The node stability was assessed with 1,000 bootstrap replicates, and only nodes with stability >0.5 are shown in the figure. The scale bar represents 2.0 substitutions per sequence position. (B)The percentage in the bar graph represents the percentage of Didymellaceae from different sources. The error bars represent one SE. (C)The relative abundances are expressed as the richness of fungi from a given isolation source transformed by log2(x+1).
Fig 5.
Fungal overlap between the canopy air and leaf spots of A. adenophora.
(A) Venn diagram of the fungal overlap between the leaf spots and canopy air with a 97% similarity cutoff. The numbers above the diagram represent the number of OTUs. The percentages represent the relative abundances of the OTUs. (B) The bubble diagram of the relative abundances of overlapped OTUs. The size of the bubble is proportional to the relative abundance of the OTU. The OTU number in the parentheses represents the OTU number in the fungal library obtained by high-throughput sequencing technology (see S2 Table).
Fig 6.
Host range and virulence of five Didymellaceae fungal strains belonging to shared OTU14.
The relative abundances were expressed as the virulence, defined as leaf spot size (mm2) transformed by log2(x+1), of different fungi. All the fungi were isolated from leaf spots on A. adenophora.