Fig 1.
Flow chart diagram of the study selection process for inclusion in this scoping review.
Fig 2.
The different compartments of avian influenza virus circulation and links between them: Demonstrated circulation (plain arrow); suspected circulation (dash arrow).
Number without bracket: Number of references identified on avian influenza (AI) spread at the compartment level. Number with bracket: Non exhaustive number of references identified on AI spread at the compartment level. Plain arrow: AI pathways from one compartment to another studied by at least one record on risk factors of AI spread selected by the literature search. Dash arrow: Possible AI pathways from one compartment to another: not studied by any record on risk factors of AI spread selected by the literature search.
Table 1.
Classification of the 86 references focusing on risk factors of avian influenza spread according to the compartment studied and/or the transmission pathway studied.
Light grey: less than 5 references, medium grey: between 5 and 20 references, dark grey: more than 20 references.
Table 2.
Classification of the selected studies on animal and human movements and AI spread within poultry production and trade networks according to the type of network studied, the objectives, the type and location of the study.
Table 3.
Description of the results of the 48 selected references which studied animal, human and fomite movements within poultry production and trade networks.
Table 4.
Risk characterisation of AI spread through the different routes within national poultry production networks identified by this literature review.