Table 1.
Soil nutrient contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer of the experimental field before sowing.
Table 2.
Soil bulk density, field capacity, and soil relative water content in the 0–200 cm soil layer of the experimental field before sowing.
Table 3.
Precipitation amount (mm) in different growth stages of winter wheat.
Table 4.
Irrigation amount (mm) in each growth stage from 2017–2019.
Fig 1.
Soil relative water content in the 0–200 cm soil layers at different growth stages.
The four treatments from 2017–2019 were as follows: no irrigation at jointing (T1), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 10 cm at jointing (T2), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 20 cm at jointing (T3), and supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 30 cm at jointing (T4).
Table 5.
Consumption (mm) of soil water in different growth stages of winter wheat from 2017–2019.
Fig 2.
Population dynamics of winter wheat at different growth stages.
The four treatments from 2017–2019 were as follows: no irrigation at jointing (T1), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 10 cm at jointing (T2), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 20 cm at jointing (T3), and supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 30 cm at jointing (T4). W, R, S, J, A, and M indicate the growth stages of wintering, re-greening, standing, jointing, anthesis, and maturity, respectively. D indicates the day after the jointing stage.
Fig 3.
Net photosynthetic rates (Pn) in tillers after jointing.
The four treatments from 2017–2019 were as follows: no irrigation at jointing (T1), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 10 cm at jointing (T2), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 20 cm at jointing (T3), and supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 30 cm at jointing (T4). “O”, “I”, and “IV” tagged at wintering indicate the main stem and the first and fourth primary tillers, respectively.
Fig 4.
Transpiration rates (Tr) in tillers after jointing.
The four treatments from 2017–2019 were as follows: no irrigation at jointing (T1), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 10 cm at jointing (T2), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 20 cm at jointing (T3), and supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 30 cm at jointing (T4). “O”, “I”, and “IV” tagged at wintering indicate the main stem and the first and fourth primary tillers, respectively.
Fig 5.
Instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUEleaf) in tillers after jointing.
The four treatments from 2017–2019 were as follows: no irrigation at jointing (T1), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 10 cm at jointing (T2), supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 20 cm at jointing (T3), and supplemental irrigation with a wetting layer depth of 30 cm at jointing (T4). “O”, “I”, and “IV” tagged at wintering indicate the main stem and the first and fourth primary tillers, respectively.
Table 6.
Grain yield, yield components, and WUE of winter wheat in 2017–2019.