Fig 1.
Abbreviations: HD, hemodialysis; VAS[Pi, Sj], VAS score of Period i in Sequence j (i = 0, I, W, II; j = EL, LE); SF-36[Pi, Sj], SF-36 score of Period i in Sequence j (i = 0, I, W, II; j = EL, LE); W, Wash-out. Arrows indicate VAS score measurements. The arrowhead indicates the SF-36 measurement. Squares with dotted lines indicate non-hemodialysis days and squares with solid lines indicate hemodialysis days.
Table 1.
The amount of VAS and SF-36 improvement before and after intervention by each sequence.
Fig 2.
All study subjects completed the study and were included in the statistical analysis of outcomes.
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients.
Table 3.
Comparison of improvement in visual analog scale (VAS) score between EMLA and lidocaine tape.
Table 4.
Comparison of changes in SF-36 scores from baseline between sequences.