Fig 1.
Raman spectra fingerprints of mycelia of the fungal pathogens collected from banana.
The Raman spectra databases of the fungal pathogens on banana in Taiwan were built, including databases for (A) Botryosphaeria dothidea (which causes Crown rot of banana, YJC-F004), (B) Deightoniella torulosa (which causes Deightoniella leaf spot, PM-YJL-F119), (C) Alternaria alternata (which causes Alternaria speckle of banana, PM-TYC-F003), (D) Cordana musae (which causes Cordana leaf spot of banana, LNH-F001), (E) Colletotrichum musae (which causes Anthracnose of banana, PM-YHL-F001), and (F) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (which causes Fusarium wilt of banana, PM-TYC-F040). Average Raman spectra were obtained from five independent replications of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements.
Fig 2.
Raman fingerprints of microconidia (A to D) and macroconidia (E) of the fungal pathogens collected from banana. The Raman spectra databases of the fungal pathogens on banana in Taiwan were built, including databases for (A) Alternaria alternata (which causes Alternaria speckle of banana, PM-TYC-F003), (B) Cordana musae (which causes Cordana leaf spot of banana, LNH-F001), (C) Colletotrichum musae (which causes Anthracnose of banana, PM-YHL-F001), and (D & E) Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (which causes Fusarium wilt of banana, PM-TYC-F040). Average Raman spectra were obtained from five independent replications of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements.
Table 1.
Raman shift and putative peak assignments of the SERS spectra from mycelia of the common causative pathogens used in this study.
Table 2.
Raman shift and putative peak assignments of the SERS spectra from conidia of the common causative pathogens used in this study.
Fig 3.
Raman fingerprints of banana samples with varying levels of symptoms collected from 12 different fields.
The Raman spectra databases of banana samples including (A) healthy, (B) asymptomatic, (C) mildly symptomatic, (D) moderately symptomatic, and (E) severely symptomatic pseudostems were built. Average Raman spectra were obtained from five independent replications of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements.
Table 3.
Comparison of SERS measurement and the molecular detection methods for field detection.