Fig 1.
Map of the collection points and distribution of the new Pristimantis species in eastern Amazon.
Abbreviations: SB = Sub Basins; PA = State of Pará; AM = State of Amazonas; TO = State of Tocantins; MA = Maranhão State; MT = Mato Grosso state. 1–5) Altamira—PA; 6–7) Brasil Novo, PA; 8–9) Volta Grande, PA; 10) Senador José Porfírio, PA; 11) Anapu, PA; 12) Caxiuanã, PA; 13) Portel, PA; 14) Tucuruí, PA; 15) Carajás, PA; 16) Marabá, PA; 17) Terra do Meio, PA; 18) Medicilândia, PA; 19) Santarém, PA; 20) Juruti, PA; 21) Parintins, AM; 22) Jacareacanga, PA; 23) Cotriguaçu, MT; 24) Paranaíta, MT; 25) Novo Mundo, MT; 26) Tabaporã, MT; 27) Sinop, MT; 28) Novo Mundo, MT; 29) Cristalino, MT; 30) Palmas; 31) Palmeirante, TO; 32) Araguaína, TO; 33) Carolina, MA and 34) Riachão, MA. Author: Elciomar A. de Oliveira).
Fig 2.
A gene tree reconstructed by Bayesian analysis using the evolutionary model HKY + G with the 16S and COI genes concatenated (866 bp) between the new species of Pristimantis in the eastern Amazonia and others from the P. conspicillatus group closest genetically and geographically.
The values below the nodes correspond to the posterior probability. The bar below represents the number of substitutions per site. The red color in the left hand corner represents the Amazon Basin (BA in the right corner of the tree) and the green color represents the Tocantins Basin (BT in the right corner of the tree).
Table 1.
Uncorrected distance genetics (%) between the new species of Pristimantis and other species of the P. conspicillatus group of this study.
In below diagonal distance p (16S) and above diagonal Kimura 2 Parameters (COI). 1) Pristimantis moa sp. nov. (Tocantins and Maranhão); 2) P. giorgii sp. nov. (Pará state); 3) P. pictus sp. nov. (Mato Grosso and Pará state); 4) P. latro (Pará state); 5) P. fenestratus (Amazonas state); 6) P. fenestratus (Amazonas state); 7) Pristimantis sp1 (Pará state); 8) Pristimantis sp2 (Pará state); 9) P. pluvian sp. nov. (Mato Grosso state); 10) P. fenestratus (Amazonas state); 11) P. bipunctatus (Peru).
Fig 3.
Median-joining haplotype network based on 16S (A) and COI (B). Each haplotype is represented by a circle, in which the area is proportional to its frequency. The traits indicate additional mutational steps of branches with more than one mutation. Black dots represent lost or unsampled haplotypes. Colours represent different species.
Fig 4.
A) Vocalization of Pristimantis giorgii sp. nov. State of Pará; B) Vocalization of P. pluvian sp. nov. State of Mato Grosso; C) Vocalization of P. pictus sp. nov. Mato Grosso and Pará states and D) vocalization of P. moa sp. nov. Tocantins and Maranhão states.
Fig 5.
Color in life of: Pristimantis giorgii sp. nov. Pará state (A—D); P. pictus sp. nov. Mato Grosso state (E–H); P. pluvian sp. nov. Mato Grosso state (I–L) and P. moa sp. nov. Tocantins state (L–P).
Fig 6.
Holotype of Pristimantis giorgii sp. nov. (Portel, State of Pará): A) dorsal view (SVL = 34.2 mm), B) ventral view; C) left hand (8.9 mm) and D) left foot (16 mm). Holotype of Pristimantis pictus sp. nov. (Novo Mundo, State of Mato Grosso): E) dorsal view (SVL = 30.6 mm), F) ventral view; G) left hand (8.2 mm) and H) left foot (15.8 mm). Holotype of Pristimantis pluvian sp. nov. (Cotriguaçu, State of Mato Grosso): I) dorsal view (SVL = 28.7 mm), J) ventral view; K) right hand (7.3 mm) and L) right foot (14 mm). Holotype of Pristimantis moa sp. nov. (Palmeirante, Tocantins State): M) dorsal view (SVL = 32.9 mm), N) ventral view; O) left hand (8.8 mm) and P) right foot (15.9 mm).
Table 2.
Comparison of the diagnostic characters among some species of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group, including new species: (1) belly texture (smooth, granular, granular posterolaterally), (2) dorsal tubercles (presence/absence of dorsal tubercles or short folds); (3) fringe on finger (prominent, weak, absent); (4) dorsolateral fold (prominent or weak); (5) fringe on toe (prominent, weak, absent); (6) basal membrane on toe (present or absent); (7) Inner tarsal fold (long, short or absent); (8) throat color pattern (stained, immaculate or light); (9) thigh surface coloring (yellow spots, reddish, spotted, strongly spotted, brown, other); (10) number of notes/call (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, more).
Table 3.
Diagnostic characters in vocalization among the species of Pristimantis used in this study.
Values are given as distribution in seconds (average ± SD). SD = Standard Deviation; Hz = Hertz; pop = population.