Fig 1.
Prevalence of any-DR and VTDR stratified by ethnicity.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants stratified by hypertensive groups.
Fig 2.
Associations between systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure (PP) and any diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Multivariate-adjusted odds of any-DR according to: (A) SBP and (B) PP. Black line represents predicted odds of any-DR from non-parametric logistic regression. Dashed lines represent 95% confidence limits for the nonparametric logistic regression estimates. The nonparametric logistic regression was adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, diabetic duration, anti-diabetic medication use, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, HbA1c, current smoking status, current alcoholic consumption, education level, income level, anti-hypertension medication use, BMI, history of CVD and CKD status.
Table 2.
Association between hypertension, BP categories and DR.
Fig 3.
Associations between systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure (PP) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR).
Multivariate -adjusted odds of VTDR according to: (A) SBP and (B) PP. Black line represents the predicted odds of any-DR from non-parametric logistic regression. Dashed lines represent 95% confidence limits for the nonparametric logistic regression estimates. The nonparametric logistic regression was adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, diabetic duration, anti-diabetic medication use, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, HbA1c, current smoking status, current alcoholic consumption, education level, income level, anti-hypertension medication use, BMI, history of CVD and CKD status.
Table 3.
Association between BP categories and VTDR.
Table 4.
Association between hypertension categories and DR stratified by ethnic groups.
Table 5.
Association between BP components and DR/VTDR stratified by ethnicity.