Fig 1.
Map of study area in northern Tanzania showing location of study villages in relation to main land classifications in Arusha and Manyara Regions (Map created using QGIS version 2.14.3.
Shape files from GADM; landcover raster data from Landsat (https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/)).
Table 1.
Domains and contributing variables for the multiple factor analysis to classify livestock-keeping households into production systems in northern Tanzania.
Table 2.
Mean values for continuous variables for households within clusters derived from hierarchical cluster analysis performed on livestock-keeping households in northern Tanzania (median values are given in square brackets).
Table 3.
Percentages of households reporting variable presence in clusters derived from hierarchical cluster analysis performed on livestock-keeping households in northern Tanzania.
Fig 2.
Percent contribution of each group to the first (Dimension 1) and second (Dimension 2) factors derived from MFA performed on characteristics of livestock-keeping households in northern Tanzania.
Red (blue) dotted line represents the expected score if all domains contributed equally to the inertia on the first (second) factor (i.e. 100/8 = 12.5%).
Fig 3.
Variable scores in relation to the first and second factors derived from MFA performed on characteristics of livestock keeping households in northern Tanzania.
Scores given to categorical (continuous) variables are shown in red (blue). Categorical (1 indicates presence of described characteristic; 0 indicates absence): CAT = Keep cattle; CH = Keep chickens; CR = Household grows crops; CRT = Grow crops for > 10 years; DO = Keep donkeys; ED = Household education to primary school or above; FI = Household consumed fish in past 3 days; IR = Iraqw ethnicity; LA = Latrine in household; ME = Meru ethnicity; MA = Maasai ethnicity; MAI = Grow maize; PI = Keep pigs; SMT = Small ruminant transhumance; VE = Household consumed vegetables in past 3 days; ZGCA = Zero graze cattle; ZGSM = Zero graze small ruminants. Continuous: AR = Village area; CD = Cattle density; CHD = Chicken density; CN = Household cattle number; CR = Local cropland % cover; EV = Enhanced vegetation index; GD = Goat density; GN = Household goat number; GR = Local grassland % cover; PID = Pig density; POD = Human population density; RA = Annual precipitation; SD = Sheep density; SN = Household sheep number.
Fig 4.
Position of households on the first and second factors (Dimension 1 and 2) derived from the MFA performed on characteristics of livestock keeping households in northern Tanzania.
Households are shaded based on cluster membership.
Fig 5.
Proportion of households in study villages assigned to each livestock production cluster in northern Tanzania in 2016.