Fig 1.
The geographical location of Chap II site.
Bird's eye view (A) and aerial photograph of the Kochkor valley facing west (B), with location of the Chap site shown situated near the village of Karasu and Kochkor city. The Chap site in relation to other archaeobotanically analyzed sites in Kyrgyzstan (C). Image Copyright Attributions: (A) ASTER GDEM 2 is a product of Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) and NASA; Sentinel 2A imagery produced from ESA remote sensing data. (B) Image Credit: Published under a CC BY license with credit from L.M. Rouse (DJI Mavic Pro); (C) SRTM (NASA) for DEM, Digital Chart of the World (DCW) for water surface, Global Administrative Areas (GADM) for boundaries.
Fig 2.
The compact wheat carypses from the Chap II site.
The images of wheat show substantial size variation.
Fig 3.
Wheat chaff and grain images from Chap II site.
Rachis internodes of free-threshing wheat (Triticum durum/turgidum) (a), Triticum cf. aestivum (b); Glume base and grains of probable glume wheat (cf. Triticum dicoccum) (c,d).
Table 1.
Archaeobotanical identifications from Chap II.
Fig 4.
Highly compact morphotypes of Hordeum vulgare var nudum (naked barley).
Fig 5.
The seeds of sedges at Chap II site.
The five types of Carex sp. (sedges) represent one of the most dominant wild plant species.
Fig 6.
The images of directly radiocarbon dated grain crops from Chap II site.
Calibrated dates are listed next to the naked barley from pit 2 (top) and free-threshing wheat grains (middle and bottom) from pit 1.
Fig 7.
Radiocarbon chronology for Chap II.
Modelled radiocarbon dates measured on wheat barley grains from Chap II in relation to the occupational period of Chap I previously reported by Motuzaite Matuzeviciute et al. [25].
Table 2.
AMS radiocarbon dates measured on macrobotanical remains recovered from Chap II.
Previously published radiocarbon dates taken on domesticated grains from Begash [7] and Tasbas [23] are also shown to help contextualize the chronology of Chap II.