Fig 1.
Network model.
Fig 2.
System design.
Table 1.
Descriptions of symbols.
Fig 3.
Anonymous tracking table.
Fig 4.
Authentication process for Situation 1.
Fig 5.
Corresponding pseudonym tracking table in cloud layer.
Fig 6.
Authentication process for Situation 2.
Table 2.
Anonymities of vehicle Vi generated by LAm.
Fig 7.
Identity-tracking process.
Fig 8.
Number of vehicles and verification cost.
Table 3.
Verification cost of various schemes.
Table 4.
Comparison of communication cost.
Fig 9.
Number of vehicles and communication cost.
Table 5.
Simulation parameters.
Fig 10.
Number of vehicles and average delay.
Fig 11.
Number of vehicles and the packet-loss rate (static state).
Fig 12.
Number of vehicles and the packet-loss rate (dynamic state).
Table 6.
Number of vehicles and packet-loss rate.