Fig 1.
IE: Infective endocarditis; VHD: Valvular heart disease.
Table 1.
Pre-operative patients’ characteristics.
Table 2.
Operative data and outcome.
Fig 2.
A. Boxplots comparing SOFA score of endocarditis patients (bright) to VHD patients (dark). SOFA: Sequential Organ Dysfunction; preop; within 24 h pre-operative; VHD: valvular heart disease. B. SOFA subscores within 24 h pre-operative in IE and VHD patients. on the X-axis SOFA subscores within 24 h pre-operative in IE patients compared to control group. The dark columns represent the proportions of patients having organ failure (subscore ≥3), while the bright columns represent proportions of patients having no or less than sever organ dysfunctions (SOFA<3). SOFA: Sequential Organ Dysfunction; preop; within 24 h pre-operative; VHD: valvular heart disease.
Fig 3.
Cumulative doses of norepinephrine in IE and in VHD patients.
The cumulative doses of norepinephrine administered during the 24 hours pre-operative (-24) as well as during the 1st post-operative day (24) and during the 2nd post-operative (48) day in patients with infective endocarditis (bright line) compared to VHD patients. VHD: valvular heart disease (dark line).
Fig 4.
Line chart comparing median plasma levels of markers of acute phase regulations between the two study groups. (A) median plasma levels of IL-6 (B) median plasma levels of CRP, (C) median plasma levels of PCT.Bright line: patients with IE; dark line: patients with VHD; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; *: p<0.05; IE: infective endocarditis; VHD: valvular heart disease; IL: interleukin; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: procalcitonin.
Fig 5.
Line chart comparing median plasma levels of biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction between the two study groups. (A) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of MR-proADM. (B) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of proAVP. (C) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of CT-proET-1. (D) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of MR-proANP. Bright line: IE patients; dark line: VHD patients; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; *: p<0.05; IE: infective endocarditis; VHD: valvular heart disease; MR-proADM: midregional pro adrenomedullin; proAVP: copeptin pro vasopressin; CTproET-1: C-terminal pro endothelin; MR-proANP: midregional pro atrial natriuretic peptide.
Fig 6.
Line chart comparing median plasma levels of markers of inflammasome activation between the two study groups. (A) Line chart comparing median plasma levels ofIL-1β. (B) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-18. Bright line: IE; dark line: VHD; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; *:p<0.05; IE: infective endocadarditis; VHD: valvular heart disease; IL: interleukin.
Fig 7.
Line chart comparing median plasma levels of regulators of the inflammatory response between the two study groups. (A) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of TNF-alpha. (B) Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-10. Bright line: IE; dark line: VHD; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; *:p<0.05; IE: infective endocarditis; VHD: valvular heart disease; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; IL: interleukin.
Table 3.
Shows the microbiological profile of patients with infective endocarditis.
Table 4.
Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of cytokines and vasoactive peptides during cardiopulmonary bypass and SOFA score on the 1st and 2nd post-operative days for patients with IE.