Table 1.
Concentrations of fumagillin and the compounds used for the screening experiment, and the source for each concentration.
The reported concentrations were either calculated from the study doses using an average body weight of 100 mg per honey bee, or they are the same as the concentration used in the study cited. All concentrations are listed in mg/ml of 50% sugar syrup.
Table 2.
Mean N. ceranae spore counts per bee ± SE of infected honey bees fed different compounds.
Treatments followed by the same letter are not significantly different based on ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD tests (α = 0.05).
Table 3.
Mean bee mortality ± SE (%) and mean feed intake ± SE (mg of syrup/bee over 16 days) of N. ceranae-infected honey bees fed different compounds.
No significant differences were found between treatments for bee mortality or feed intake using an ANOVA (α = 0.05).
Fig 1.
Relationship between spore count (number of spores/bee) on 16 dpi and log10 of the concentration of sulforaphane (a), carvacrol (b) and naringenin (c) for N. ceranae-infected honey bees.
Fig 2.
Relationship between percent bee mortality on 16 dpi and log10 of the concentration of sulforaphane (a), carvacrol (b) and naringenin (c) for N. ceranae-infected honey bees.
Fig 3.
Relationship between feed intake (mg syrup/bee over 16 days) and log10 of the concentration of sulforaphane (a), carvacrol (b) and naringenin (c) for N. ceranae-infected honey bees.
Fig 4.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for N. ceranae-infected honey bees fed the nutraceuticals sulforaphane and naringenin.
A log rank/Mantel-Cox post hoc test was used to determine which curves were significantly different from each other (α = 0.05). Curves labelled with the same letter are not significantly different.