Fig 1.
a) Interspecies differences in Fabaceae seeds used to culture C. maculatus: (from left) 1 black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata, cowpea), 2 adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), 3 mung bean (Vigna radiata). b) Intraspecies differences in seed size in cowpeas.
Fig 2.
Effects of bean seed size on a) adult body size and b) nuptial gift size in C. maculatus.
Fig 3.
Effect of adult body size of C. maculatus on a) absolute and b) relative nuptial gift size. Dashed lines represent 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals for fixed effects with excluded residual variance calculated using MerTools [45]. See Table 1B and 1C.
Table 1.
Wald chi-square test results of mother-specific random intercept models for adult body mass (a), absolute nuptial gift size (b), and the proportion of the male body mass used for the nuptial gift (relative nuptial gift size) (c) in C. maculatus.
Fig 4.
Effect of reproduction on survival in C. maculatus.
a) Observed survival of experimental animals. b) Marginal hazard for all experimental treatments predicted by our model. The marginal hazard is the mean hazard over all individuals of the considered group with respect to differences in frailty (random factor) calculated from the estimated model (see Table 2).
Fig 5.
Predicted effect of adult body mass on marginal hazard in C. maculatus (conditional marginal hazard—marginal hazard assuming one of the continuous covariates to be fixed for all individuals).
See Table 2.
Table 2.
The parametric frailty model assuming Weibull distribution and gamma frailty for all individuals of C. maculatus.
Fig 6.
Predicted effect of nuptial gift size on marginal hazard in both sexes of C. maculatus. See Table 3.
Table 3.
The parametric frailty model assuming Weibull distribution and gamma frailty for reproducing C. maculatus.
Fig 7.
Effect of nuptial gift size on reproduction of female C. maculatus.
a) Lifetime progeny production b) Mean daily reproductive rate. See Table 4A and 4B respectively for details.
Table 4.
Generalized additive mixed models for a) the lifetime number of progeny b) the mean daily reproductive rate of reproducing females in C. maculatus.
Both models assumed a negative binomial distribution and log link function; the model for b) also considered an offset equal to the log of the female lifespan.