Fig 1.
Area of 8 major crops and all fruits and vegetables (FV) in India between 1947 and 2014 (A) Crop area and (B) Proportion of crop area.
Fig 2.
Crop turnover in India between 1956 and 2008 estimated from district level data.
Values are the proportion of total crop area on a 1956–1960 (mean) basis. Arrows returning to the same crop indicate area that remained planted with that crop.
Fig 3.
Grain yield of the four main cereal crops in India from 1947 to 2014, and linear trend lines.
Fig 4.
Crop diversity in India at the country, state, and district level.
For the16 states and the 311 districts, the mean and the 10th and 90th percentiles are shown. Diversity is expressed as the “effective number of species”.
Fig 5.
Crop diversity in India for in 1956, 1974, 1992 and 2008 at the (A) district and (B) state level. Data was not available for some districts and small states (white areas) for certain years. Diversity is expressed as the “effective number of species”.
Fig 6.
Slope coefficients of linear regression models of diversity as a function of year between 1956 and 2008 for (A) districts and (B) states in India. Regions with non-significant (P < 0.05) slope coefficients are labeled ‘NS’.
Fig 7.
Regression models of the relation between agricultural intensification and changes in crop diversity in India between 1956 and 2008 at the district level.
(A) Increase in the proportion of area planted to wheat as a response to wheat intensification. (B) Decline in crop diversity as a response to an increase in the proportion of area planted to wheat. (C) Decline in crop diversity in response to an increase in wheat yields. Other variables included in the linear models (not shown) were set to their median values.
Table 1.
Parameters of best fitting linear regression models of changes in crop diversity and changes in area as a function of agricultural intensification (RI) based on wheat yield, or based on the area-weighted cereal (millet, sorghum, rice, wheat) yield and on area planted to the wheat or cereals.
The last column shows the parameters of the best a model of changes in diversity and the area planted to the wheat or cereals.
Fig 8.
Increase in district-level crop diversity as a response to the area planted to sorghum and millet in 1956–1960.