Fig 1.
Calculation of frame and block statistics of prosodic features.
Fig 2.
IPUs and turn-taking gaps.
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with typical development (TD).
Table 2.
Means and SDs of speech features of each group and the adjusted p values.
Fig 3.
Examples of time series of the blockwise mean of the intensity of the utterances of a participant with ASD and administrator (upper and middle panel) and the utterances of a participant with TD and administrator (lower panel).
The correlation coefficient of the features between the two speakers had a close-to-zero value (0.018) in the upper case, a negative value (-0.26) in the middle case, and a positive value (0.65) in the lower case.
Fig 4.
Histograms of (a) SD of blockwise mean of log F0, (b) SD of blockwise mean of intensity, (c) correlation coefficient of blockwise mean of intensity, (d) log mean of turn-taking gap, (e) log SD of turn-taking gap, and (f) log pause-to-turn ratio.
Nineteen out of 62 individuals with ASD (30.1%) had a mean turn-taking gap greater than 0.8s, whereas none of the 17 participants with TD had such a long mean gap. The pause-to-turn ratio of 17 individuals with ASD (27.4%) was greater than 0.1 whereas that of the individuals with TD was distributed in the range 0–0.1. Fourteen participants (22.6%) with ASD had negative correlation coefficients for intensity, whereas only one (5.9%) participant with TD had that. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient was less than 0.1 in 13 individuals with ASD (20.1%) and two with TD (11.8%).
Table 3.
Confusion matrix of ASD and TD discrimination.
Table 4.
Percentage of accuracy and F-measure in the discrimination analysis.
Table 5.
Selected speech features in Setting D3 and the percentage of accuracy and F-measure when each feature was used alone for classification.
Table 6.
Correlation coefficients (r) between the speech features and ADOS scores and adjusted p-values of correlation test.
Fig 5.
Scatter plots between the features that have significant correlations with the reciprocity score.
The black dotted line represents a regression line. The blue solid and dashed lines represent the mean and mean ± SD of the feature among the participants with TD, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the log of pause-to-turn ratio and reciprocity score of the individuals with ASD. At the same time, the distributions of the ASD and TD groups overlapped in the area between −5 and −2. Similar overlaps were observed in mean and log of SD of turn-taking gap.
Table 7.
Correlation coefficients (r) between rated and predicted ADOS scores, MAE and RMSE of predicted ADOS scores.
Table 8.
Selected features in Setting R4 and the correlation coefficients between the rated and predicted ADOS scores when each feature was used alone (Corr. Single) and omitted from the best set (Corr. Omitted).
Fig 6.
Scatterplots of the (a) reciprocity, (b) communication and (c) repetitive scores that were predicted in Setting R4 and rated by the administrator.