Fig 1.
Homicides in ethnographic field site from 2006–2017 (203 total).
A) Location of ethnographic field site in North Philadelphia. B) Location of each homicide incident occurring in the ethnographic site during this time. C) Monthly trends in the number of homicides occurring in the field site.
Fig 2.
Census tract level counts of crime-related incidents.
Based on data from the Philadelphia police department, as well as the percent of individuals living under the poverty line and the majority social group from 2012 to 2016 American Community Survey data.
Fig 3.
A narcotics transaction in the ethnographic field site in Puerto Rican inner-city Philadelphia.
Hit hard by deindustrialization and disinvestment from the inner-city, young men born in this neighborhood often find themselves working in the lowest-level of the retail narcotics economy, selling heroin and cocaine in the shadow of the factories that used to employ their new immigrant grandparents. Photo by George Karandinos.
Fig 4.
Crime-related incidents in the ethnographic field site from 2006–2017 by type of incident.
Shown by monthly incidence (left) and spatial distribution (right).
Fig 5.
Poverty-crime gradients by racial group.
Bars represent the average number of crime-related incidents per census tract, from 2006 to 2017, by percent of the population living in poverty, separate for majority-Puerto Rican, -black, and-white areas. The fitted lines represent model predictions from the Poisson regression, with 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 6.
Racial disparity among maximally impoverished neighborhoods.
The ratio, with 95% confidence interval, between social groups of predicted levels of violence- or narcotics-related crime from 2006 to 2017, for a poverty level of 60%, similar to our field site in the most impoverished corner of inner-city, Puerto Rican Philadelphia. For example, a ratio of 6.1 between whites and Puerto Ricans for narcotics related crime indicates that majority Puerto Rican areas were predicted to have over 6 times more narcotics crime relative to majority white areas, at a poverty level of 60%.