Fig 1.
Schematic diagram showing the timing of the cognitive paradigm of a cueing task.
A square symbol was presented in the center for 3000 ms as the cue stimulus. A small person symbol (target stimulus) appeared in the center of the square. The participants were asked to press the corresponding button as soon as the target stimulus was presented.
Fig 2.
Schematic diagram of the timing of the modified cueing task in simulated driving.
(A) The participants were instructed to drive in the middle of the right lane at a fixed speed of 25 mph. A parked bus appeared at the bus station as a cue stimulus, and a pedestrian was obscured by the bus. (B) After driving the simulator for 3 s, the pedestrian (target stimulus) would suddenly appear 1 foot from the left edge of the bus. (C) The participants were asked to turn the steering wheel towards the left to avoid hitting the simulated pedestrian and then to get the car back in the right lane as quickly as possible.
Fig 3.
The formal testing session consisted of two cueing tasks (cognitive cueing paradigm vs. modified cueing task in simulated driving) and two simulated driving tasks (CF and PC).
Fig 4.
STISIM driving simulator.
Fig 5.
ERP in the baseline condition.
(A) Grand average ERP locked to cue stimuli at the CZ electrode. (B) Topographic scalp distribution of CNV mean amplitude between 1000 and 2000 ms, (C) Topographic scalp distribution of CNV mean amplitude between 2000 and 3000 ms.
Fig 6.
(A) Grand average ERP locked to cue stimuli at the CZ electrode. (B) Topographic scalp distribution of CNV mean amplitude between 1000 and 2000 ms, (C) Topographic scalp distribution of CNV mean amplitude between 2000 and 3000 ms.
Fig 7.
Grand averages ERP locked to cue stimuli at FC1, FCZ, FC2, C1, CZ, and C2 electrodes are shown in black for the baseline condition and in red for the driving condition.
Table 1.
The mean amplitude and standard error of early and late CNVs in baseline and driving conditions at FC1, FCZ, FC2, C1, CZ, and C2 electrodes.
Table 2.
The correlation between the mean amplitude of CNV in driving condition and driving behaviors.