Table 1.
List of the 43 valid and two undescribed gymnotine species, their name–bearing types (asterisks denote syntypes, double asterisks denote neotypes, all others are holotypes) and the geographic coordinates and localities of these type localities.
Table 2.
Type localities of all valid gymnotine species.
In cases where geographical coordinates were not included in the original description, estimates are provided indicated by “~”.
Fig 1.
Timeline for the description of new gymnotine species, starting with G. carapo (Linnaeus) in 1758.
Note the rapid acceleration species descriptions in the last three decades, similar to that observed in many clades of Neotropical freshwater fishes.
Table 3.
List of valid gymnotine species and higher taxa to which each was assigned in three taxonomic revisions from 1995–2003.
Species are marked "undescribed" if they had not been described at the time of the study, "not investigated" if they fell outside the scope of that study, and "not grouped" if they were not assigned to a higher taxon.
Table 4.
List of valid gymnotine species and higher taxa to which each was assigned in three taxonomic revisions from 2010–2017.
Species are marked "undescribed" if they had not been described at the time of the study, "not investigated" if they fell outside the scope of that study, and "not grouped" if they were not assigned to a higher taxon.
Fig 2.
Time–calibrated phylogeny recovered from the Bayesian analysis.
N = 211 specimens representing 48 (45 Gymnotinae, one Electrophorinae, two outgroups) species. Colors of clades as follows: red = Gymnotus, orange = Tijax, Yellow = Tigre, green = Tigrinus, blue = Lamontianus, purple = Pantherus, grey = Electrophorus, black = outgroups. Inset depicts the documented geographic ranges of each subgenus. Nodes color coded to indicate posterior values, with larger, darker circles representing higher support and smaller, lighter circles indicating lower support.
Fig 3.
Phylogeny of Gymnotidae from the Maximum–Likelihood analysis of 5 concatenated genes with 5533 bp.
N = 211 specimens representing 48 (45 Gymnotinae, one Electrophorinae, two outgroup) species. Colors of clades as follows: red = Gymnotus, orange = Tijax, Yellow = Tigre, green = Tigrinus, blue = Lamontianus, purple = Pantherus, grey = Electrophorus, black = outgroups. Node colors indicate bootstrap support values of nodes, from 100% (green) to 0% (red).
Fig 4.
Summary of the phylogeny recovered from the total evidence Bayesian analysis, with each terminal as a single species.
Colors as follows: red = Gymnotus, orange = Tijax, Yellow = Tigre, green = Tigrinus, blue = Lamontianus, purple = Pantherus, grey = Electrophorus, black = outgroups.
Fig 5.
Summary of the relationships among subgenera of the Gymnotinae.
Numbers in parentheses indicate number of currently recognized (valid) species.
Table 5.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for the six gymnotine subgenera recognized herein.
Data for 796 specimens.
Table 6.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) arapaima, G. (G.) ardilai and G. (G.) bahianus.
Table 7.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) capanema, G. (G.) carapo and G. (G.) chaviro.
Table 8.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) chimarrao, G. (G.) choco and G. (G.) cuia.
Table 9.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) curupira, G. (G.) diamantinensis and G. (G.) eyra.
Table 10.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) interruptus, G. (G.) mamiraua and G. (G.) obscurus.
Table 11.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) omrorum, G. (G.) pantanal and G. (G.) riberalta.
Table 12.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for Gymnotus (G.) sylvius, G. (G.) ucamara and G. (G.) varzea.
Table 13.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for four valid species of Lamontianus.
Data for 36 specimens.
Table 14.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for three species of Pantherus.
Data for a total of 35 specimens.
Table 15.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for five species of Tigre.
Data for 46 specimens.
Table 16.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for seven species of Tigrinus.
Data for 121 specimens.
Table 17.
Summary of morphometric and meristic data for three species of Tijax.
Data for 22 specimens.