Table 1.
Primer sequences and PCR conditions for housekeeping genes under study1.
Fig 1.
Effect of cell- free probiotic supernatants on S. Enteritidis in vitro proliferation.
Overnight culture of single isolated colonies of Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Pediococcus acidilactici probiotic strains were centrifuged at 4,500 X g for 10 min to collect supernatants. The supernatant was filtered using a 0.22μm filter to collect cell-free supernatant. 10 μl of S. Enteritidis overnight culture was incubated with 0:1, 10:1, 5:1, or 1:1 cell-free supernatant: pathogen dilutions. The absorbance was measured at 600nm at 24 hours. n = 3. Values ± SEM of pooled samples of 3 wells/treatment. Bars (± SEM) with no common superscript (a, b) differ significantly (P < 0.05).
Table 2.
Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production parameters post-Salmonella infection in broiler birds.
Fig 2.
Effect of synbiotic supplementation on S. Enteritidis load in the cecal content post-Salmonella infection in broilers.
Birds were fed either basal diet (Control) or supplemented with 20 mg/Kg feed Virginiamycin (antibiotic) or 0.05% synbiotic product from day-of-hatch through 42d of age. At 21 d of age, birds were challenged with 1 X 109 CFU of S. Enteritidis. At 3, 7, 14, and 21 d post-infection, cecal content were analyzed for S. Enteritidis load by real-time PCR collected and expressed as log values. Bars (± SEM) with no common superscript (a, b, c) differ significantly (P < 0.05). n = 8.
Fig 3.
Effect of synbiotic supplementation on chilled carcass S. Enteritidis rinsate load post-Salmonella infection in broiler birds.
Birds were fed either basal diet (Control) or supplemented with 20 mg/Kg feed Virginiamycin (antibiotic) or 0.05% synbiotic product from day-of-hatch through 42d of age. At 21 d of age, birds were challenged with 1 X 109 CFU of S. Enteritidis. At 21 d post-infection, the carcass S. Enteritidis most probable number (MPN) was analyzed by plating on XLT agar and expressed as log MPN/ml. Bars (± SEM) with no common superscript (a, b) differ significantly (P < 0.05). n = 8.
Fig 4.
Effect of synbiotic supplementation on cecal tonsil mRNA content post-Salmonella infection in broilers.
Birds were fed either basal diet (Control) or supplemented with 20 mg/Kg feed Virginiamycin (antibiotic) or 0.05% synbiotic product from day-of-hatch through 42d of age. At 21 d of age, birds were challenged with 1 X 109 CFU of S. Enteritidis. At 3, 7, 14 and 21 d post-infection (p.i.), relative IL-10 (Fig 4A), IL-1 (Fig 4B), TLR-4 (Fig 4C), and IFN γ (Fig 4D) mRNA content in cecal tonsils were analyzed from 1 bird/pen; 8 pens/diet after correcting for β-actin mRNA and normalizing to the mRNA content of the control group. Bars (± SEM) with no common superscript (a, b) differ significantly. n = 8.