Fig 1.
Schematic representation of composite impairment scores, joint specific impairment scores and muscle specific impairment scores.
(A) Spasticity, (B) Weakness, (C) Selectivity, (D) pROM.Abbreviations: pROM: passive range of motion; RQ: research question.
Fig 2.
Statistical non-parametric mapping output example for the correlation of the composite spasticity score and gait in children with uCP.
(A) Non-parametric Canonical Correlation analysis (SnPM{X2}) output example for the correlation of sagittal plane kinematics (vector with four components) with the composite spasticity score in children with uCP. Two suprathreshold clusters were found (cluster 1: 5%, p = 0.016; cluster 2: 86%, p < 0.001). The bold black line represents the computed X2-curve, the dashed red line indicates the random field theory threshold calculated for this test (at 13.81 for α < 0.05). The composite spasticity score associated with the sagittal motion vector of children with uCP for a total of 91%. (B) Post-hoc scalar field non-parametric linear regression analysis (SnPM{t}) output example for the correlation between pelvic motion and the composite spasticity score in children with uCP (α = 0.0125). One cluster was identified (71%, p < 0.001). The impairments were divided into 3 categories, depicted as mean (bold line) and standard deviation (translucent area): mild (green color), moderate (blue) and severe (red), indicating that the higher the impairment, the stronger the. The black bars underneath the figures represent the suprathreshold clusters that were formed when the critical threshold (t*) was exceeded and the null hypothesis was, therefore, rejected. Abbreviation: uCP: unilateral cerebral palsy.
Table 1.
Participants' characteristics (N = 367) and between groups comparisons for all characteristics.
Fig 3.
Summary scheme of all relationships of composite impairment scores with sagittal plane motion in children with A) uCP and b) bCP. The green lines represent the suprathreshold clusters that were identified during an entire gait cycle when associating with the sagittal plane motion (i.e. vector with four components–Canonical Correlation analysis, α = 0.05). The blue, yellow, purple and pink lines represent the correlations with the sagittal plane motions of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle joints, respectively (post-hoc scalar field non-parametric linear regression analyses, α = 0.0125) with the composite impairment scores of spasticity, weakness, selectivity and pROM. Abbreviations: uCP: unilateral cerebral palsy; bCP: bilateral cerebral palsy; IC: initial contact; LR: loading response; MSt: midstance; TSt: terminal stance; PSw: preswing; ISw: initial swing; MSw: midswing; TSw: terminal swing; pROM: passive range of motion.
Table 2.
Composite scores and their relationship with the vector component and the individual movements of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal plane in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.
Table 3.
Composite scores and their relationship with the vector component and the individual movements of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal plane in children with bilateral cerebral palsy.
Fig 4.
Summary scheme of all relationships between joint specific impairment scores and pelvic sagittal motion in children with A) uCP and B) bCP. The grey and light green areas represent the mean kinematic angles of TD and uCP or bCP children, respectively. The green bars show the direct relationships between the pelvic sagittal motion and the hip joint impairment scores; the blue bars depict the carry-over relationships between the pelvic sagittal motion and the knee or ankle joint impairment scores across an entire gait cycle. Abbreviations: uCP: unilateral cerebral palsy; bCP: bilateral cerebral palsy; TD: typically developing children; pROM: passive range of motion.
Fig 5.
Summary scheme of all relationships between joint specific impairment scores and hip sagittal motion in children with A) uCP and B) bCP. The grey and light green areas represent the mean kinematic angles of TD and uCP or bCP children, respectively. The green bars show the direct relationships between the hip sagittal motion and the hip joint impairment scores; the blue bars depict the carry-over relationships between the hip sagittal motion and the knee or ankle joint impairment scores across an entire gait cycle. Abbreviations: uCP: unilateral cerebral palsy; bCP: bilateral cerebral palsy; TD: typically developing children; pROM: passive range of motion.
Fig 6.
Summary scheme of all relationships between joint specific impairment scores and knee sagittal motion in children with A) uCP and B) bCP. The grey and light green areas represent the mean kinematic angles of TD and uCP or bCP children, respectively. The green bars show the direct relationships between the knee sagittal motion and the knee joint impairment scores; the blue bars depict the carry-over relationships between the knee sagittal motion and the hip or ankle joint impairment scores across an entire gait cycle. Abbreviations: uCP: unilateral cerebral palsy; bCP: bilateral cerebral palsy; TD: typically developing children; pROM: passive range of motion.
Fig 7.
Summary scheme of all relationships between joint specific impairment scores and ankle sagittal motion in children with A) uCP and B) bCP. The grey and light green areas represent the mean kinematic angles of TD and uCP or bCP children, respectively. The green bars show thedirect relationships between the ankle sagittal motion and the ankle joint impairment scores; the blue bars depict the carry-over relationships between the ankle sagittal motion and the hip or knee joint impairment scores across an entire gait cycle. Abbreviations: uCP: unilateral cerebral palsy; bCP: bilateral cerebral palsy; TD: typically developing children; pROM: passive range of motion.
Table 4.
Joint impairment scores and their relationship with the individual movements of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal plane in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.
Table 5.
Joint impairment scores and their relationship with the individual movements of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle in the sagittal plane in children with bilateral cerebral palsy.