Table 1.
Participants’ characteristic.
Fig 1.
Schematic figure of the frame around the walkway.
Table 2.
Description of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) tests for tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medialis (Gas-M), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), and gluteus medius (Glut-M) muscles.
Table 3.
Data are means and standard deviations for ground reaction forces (GRF) during walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with over pronated feet (PF) compared with healthy controls.
Table 4.
Data are means and standard deviations for impulses, free moments and vertical loading rate during walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with over pronated feet (PF) compared with healthy controls.
Table 5.
Data are means and standard deviations for muscle activity during the loading phase (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) while walking on stable ground and sand.
Table 6.
Data are means and standard deviations for muscle activity during the mid-stance phase (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) while walking on stable ground and sand.
Table 7.
Data are means and standard deviations for muscle activity during the push off phase (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) while walking on stable ground and sand.
Table 8.
Data are means and standard deviations for muscle activity during the swing phase (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) while walking on stable ground and sand.