Table 1.
Bacterial species and some of its identified anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) metabolites.
Table 2.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) isolates and their geographical origin.
Fig 1.
Score of in vitro anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) activity of confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria isolated from North American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus).
Anti-Bd scored as: A) Negative (pLAB: 3 vs. Bd: UM142), B) low (pLAB: 35B vs. Bd: CLFT001), C) medium (pLAB: 16B vs. Bd: VA02), D) high (Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826 vs. Bd: AVS7), and E) strong (pLAB: 45B vs. Bd: AVS7). pLAB: presumptive lactic acid bacteria.
Table 3.
Percentage and number of confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LABs) with anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) activity on eight fungal isolates.
Fig 2.
Summary of the results of probiotic/beneficial properties of confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LABs).
Dendrogram built based on PCR-fingerprint profiles: A) cocci, B) rods. We show information regarding the anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) activity, auto-aggregation, hydrophobicity and biofilm formation for LABs isolated from ventral (VS) and dorsal (DS) skin of bullfrogs. N, negative; S, strong; H, high.
Table 4.
Correlation analysis of anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) activity of confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LABs).
Fig 3.
Exopolysaccharide production by confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria.
An EPS (+) isolate is indicated by the presence of a dark blue microbial growth line. a) Enterococcus gallinarum CRL 1826; b) pLAB 18B; c) Lactobacillus casei CRL 87 (positive control).
Fig 4.
Analysis of correspondence of biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide synthesis and auto-aggregation by confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria.
The contribution to Chi-square is indicated in brackets.
Fig 5.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of beneficial properties (hydrophobicity in xylene, ethyl acetate and chloroform and AA-auto-aggregation, exopolysaccharide and biofilm formation) of confirmed and presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LABs).
Averaged anti-Bd activity of every LABs for eight studied Bd isolates is shown by different colours (scored from 0: low inhibition for all studied Bd isolates to 4: high inhibition for all studied Bd isolates).
Table 5.
Genetic identification of presumptive lactic acid bacteria (pLAB) using 16S rDNA sequence analysis.