Fig 1.
Selection of vessels shapes tested by ORA: Imported and local vessels of similar postulated function.
Fig 2.
Archaeological contexts from which the selected vessels were recovered.
Light grey filling: occupation phases of the Heuneburg settlements; black filling: contexts from which the selected local vessels were found; dark grey filling: contexts from which the selected imported vessels were recovered; red bricks: mudbrick wall periods (IVb and IVa). The map on the right corresponds to the reconstruction of the Heuneburg during the mudbrick wall period (adapted from [5]).
Fig 3.
Surface mapping of the finds from old and new excavations at the Heuneburg plateau, lower town and outer settlements.
Red: all excavated areas between 1950 and 2014. Blue: surface mapping of the contexts from which samples were selected for ORA. Map basis [22]. Black squares: control samples (see S1–S4 Figs).
Fig 4.
Chromatogram showing the molecular constituents of waxes, millet and dairy products in a local fine ware bowl from the plateau (HB-PL-017).
Ax = n-alcohols, Kx = ketones and Wx = long chain esters with x carbon atoms. St1 = Cholesterol; St2 = Dihydrocholesterol; St3 = β-Sitosterol; St4 = Stigmastanol. DAG = Diglycerides; TAG = Triglycerides.
Fig 5.
Organic substances identified in the semi-fine and coarse pottery from the Heuneburg according to the different settlement contexts of the Late Hallstatt period.
* White = dairy product and *red = heating treatment of animal fat.
Fig 6.
Organic substances identified in the fine pottery from the Heuneburg according to the shape and the contexts of Ha D1, Ha D1/D2.
* White = dairy product and *red = heating treatment of animal fat.
Fig 7.
Organic substances identified in the fine pottery from the Heuneburg according to the shape and the contexts of Ha D2/D3.
* White = dairy product.
Fig 8.
GC-MS selected ion monitoring (m/z 191) showing: A) hopane distributions (C29–C35) inside a wheel-made bowl (HBPL617) recovered from Heuneburg, plateau and B) soil control samples (HBSED06) from the Heuneburg, plateau and lower town settlement.
Fig 9.
Chromatogram showing the molecular constituents of wine (following KOH-1M treatment and extraction in ethyl acetate [25]) in local fine goblet from the plateau (HB-AS-27).
Fig 10.
Organic substances identified in the pottery according to the spaces of consumption during Ha D1 and D1/D2 at the Heuneburg.
Fig 11.
Organic substances identified in the pottery according to the spaces of consumption during Ha D3 at the Heuneburg.