Table 1.
Mean (±SE) developmental time (days) of different life stages of Scapsipedus icipe at different constant temperatures.
Fig 1.
Sex ratio of Scapsipedus icipe adults that emerged from the last instar nymph reared at different constant temperature regimes.
Table 2.
Estimated parameters of linear and Logan model for effect of temperature on developmental rate (1/day) for egg stage of Scapsipedus icipe.
Table 3.
Estimated parameters of linear and Allahyari model for the effect of temperature on developmental rate (1/day) for Nymph and Pre-adult stages of Scapsipedus icipe.
Fig 2.
Temperature-dependent developmental rate of Scapsipedus icipe.
(A) Egg; (B) Nymphs; (C) Pre-adult. Observed values are the solid points, with bars representing the standard deviation of the mean. Fitted models are the straight line for linear regression and a solid curved line for the Logan and Allahyari models. Dashed lines above and below represent the upper and lower 95% confidence bands.
Fig 3.
Temperature-dependent mortality rates of immature life stages of Scapsipedus icipe: egg (A), Nymph (B), and pre-adult (C). Fitted curves: Wang 2 model (A, B), and Wang 3 (C). Dashed lines represent the upper and lower 95% confidence.
Fig 4.
Mean (±SE) body length (A) and wet weight of Scapsipedus icipe females and males at six constant temperatures, respectively (B). Different letters indicate a significant difference while the same letters indicate no significant difference using Student-Newman-Keul’s test (P < 0.05).
Fig 5.
Temperature-dependent total egg production (A) and age-related cumulative proportion of egg production (B). Age of the females at 50% oviposition is indicated. Dots represent data points. The upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the model are indicated.
Table 4.
The mean (±SE) of the oviposition period (days) of Scapsipedus icipe reared at different temperatures under laboratory conditions.
Fig 6.
Temperature-dependent senescence rates (day 1) for Scapsipedus icipe adult females (A) and males (B). Fitted curves of senescence rates: Hilbert and logan 3 model (A) and Exponential simple Model (red solid line) (B). Bars represent the standard deviation of the median senescence rate.
Table 5.
The mean (±SE) of adult longevity and lifespan (days) of Scapsipedus icipe reared under different temperatures conditions.
Fig 7.
Life table parameters of Scapsipedus icipe estimated through model prediction over a range of six constant temperatures: [A] Intrinsic rate increase, rm; [B] net reproduction rate, Ro; [C] gross reproductive rate, GRR; [D] mean generation time, T; [E] Finite rate of increase, 𝜆 and [F] doubling time, Dt.
Table 6.
Simulated life table parameters of Scapsipedus icipe at different constant temperatures (initial egg number (n) = 100).
Fig 8.
Current [A] and future [B] spatial mapping of Scapsipedus icipe establishment according to ILCYM model prediction in Africa.
Fig 9.
Mass production of Scapsipedus icipe under optimum rearing condition of 30°C (i.e. highest total fecundity (3416 individuals/female/generation), highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.075 days), highest net reproductive rate (1330.8 female/female/generation) and shortest doubling time (9.2 days).