Fig 1.
Lipid peroxidation- thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (A), catalase (B), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (C) and Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity (G6PDH) (D) were analyzed in lungs of Sham, CLP saline (CLP-sal), CLP salbutamol (CLP-salb) and CLP phlorizin (CLP-phlo) treated rats. Results are represented as mean ± SEM of 5 animals; *P <0.05 vs Sham; and #P <0.05 vs CLP-sal; &P < 0.05 vs CLP-salb. One-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post-test.
Fig 2.
SGLT1 staining in lung tissues.
Alveolar structures in lung from Sham (A to D), CLP saline (CLP-sal, E to H), CLP salbutamol (CLP-salb, I to L) and CLP phlorizin (CLP-phlo, M to P) treated rats. Sections (A, E, I and M) were immunostained with anti-F-actin antibody (red). White enclosed boxes showing an alveolar septum and alveolar lumen, taken with a greater resolution, are presented in the next sections: (B, F, J and N) F-Actin (red), (C, G, K and O) SGLT1 (green) and (D, H, L and P) merged photomicrographs for co-localization of SGLT1 and F-actin (yellow to orange). White arrows indicate the presence of SGLT1 in the luminal membrane. White asterisks indicate SGLT1 in cytoplasm. Description: (AL) alveolar lumen of the rat pulmonary section. Magnification, x600, scale bar, 10 μm. Section Q and R show the protein level in cytoplasm or plasma membrane, respectively. Images are representative of 4 animals in each group.
Fig 3.
Analyses of lung tissue structure by hematoxylin-eosin staining.
Alveolar and bronchiolar structures in lung from Sham, CLP saline (CLP-sal), CLP salbutamol (CLP-salb) and CLP phlorizin (CLP-phlo) treated rats. Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections (A-H), Sham (A-B), CLP-sal (C-D), CLP-salb (E-F) and CLP-phlo (G-H) magnification, x400, and severity of atelectasis (I), bronchial inflammation (J), inflation (L) and airway damage scores (M); Images are representative of 4–5 animals in each group. Scale bar, 70 μm. *P <0.05 vs Sham; and #P <0.05 vs CLP-sal; &P < 0.05 vs CLP-salb. One-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post-test.
Fig 4.
Total protein concentration and pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage.
(A) Total protein concentration, (B) interleucin-1β and (C) interferon-ɤ was analyzed in BAL from Sham, CLP saline (CLP-sal), CLP salbutamol (CLP-salb) and CLP phlorizin (CLP-phlo) treated rats. Results are mean ± SEM of 5–6 animals; *P <0.05 vs Sham; and #P <0.05 vs CLP-sal; &P < 0.05 vs CLP-salb; One-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post-test.
Fig 5.
Kaplan-Meier curve was constructed with survival rates of CLP saline (CLP-sal), CLP salbutamol (CLP-salb) and CLP phlorizin (CLP-phlo) treated rats. Results are represented by mean values of 7–12 animals per group; *P <0.05 vs Sham, CLP-sal and CLP-salb. Chi square = 9,167 using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test.