Table 1.
UMs categories and sub-categories.
Table 2.
Frequencies and percentages of UMs in BMJ 1840–2007 articles.
Table 3.
Certainty and uncertainty tokens and percentages for each period.
Table 4.
Frequencies and percentages of UMs in the BMJ 1840–2007 corpus, and in IMRaD and no-IMRad articles.
Fig 1.
Mean proportions (95% confidence interval) of uncertainty tokens (in logit-scale) of different structure (IMRaD, no-IMRad, BMJ 1840–2007).
Fig 2.
Mean proportions (95% confidence interval) of markers of uncertainty (in logit-scale) of different markers (conditional, if, modal verbs, non-verbs, uncertain questions, verbs), separately by structure (IMRaD, no-IMRaD, BMJ 1840–2007).
Table 5.
Frequencies and percentages of UMs in BMJ 2013.
Table 6.
Frequencies and percentages of modal verbs in the conditional mood.
Table 7.
Frequencies and percentages of non-verbs.
Table 8.
Frequencies and percentages of modal verbs in the simple present.
Table 9.
Frequencies and percentages of verbs in the simple present.
Table 10.
Frequencies and percentages of if.
Fig 3.
Percentages of certainty and uncertainty in each article of BMJ 2013.
Table 11.
Percentages of certainty and uncertainty in each article and in the whole corpus of BMJ 2013.
Fig 4.
Percentages of uncertainty in each part of IMRaD structure of BMJ 2013 articles.
Table 12.
Frequencies and percentages of UMs in IMRaD BMJ 1840–2007 articles and in IMRaD BMJ 2013 articles.
Fig 5.
Mean proportions (95% confidence interval) of uncertainty tokens (in logit-scale) of different corpus (BMJ 2013, BMJ 1840–2007 IMRaD articles).
Fig 6.
Mean proportions (95% confidence interval) of markers of uncertainty (in logit-scale) of different markers (conditional, if, modal verbs, non-verbs, uncertain questions, verbs), separately by corpus (BMJ 2013, BMJ 1840–2007 IMRaD articles).
Table 13.
Frequencies and percentages of UMs in Discover 2013.
Table 14.
Frequencies and percentages of modal verbs in the conditional mood.
Table 15.
Frequencies and percentages of modal verbs in the simple present.
Table 16.
Frequencies and percentages of if.
Table 17.
Frequencies and percentages of non-verbs.
Table 18.
Frequencies and percentages of verbs.
Fig 7.
Percentages of certainty and uncertainty in each article of Discover 2013.
Table 19.
Percentages of certainty and uncertainty in each article and in the whole corpus of Discover 2013.
Table 20.
Frequencies and percentages of UMs in BMJ 2013 and Discover 2013.
Fig 8.
Mean proportions (95% confidence interval) of uncertainty tokens (in logit-scale) of different corpus (BMJ 2013, Discover 2013).
Fig 9.
Mean proportions (95% confidence interval) of markers of uncertainty (in logit-scale) of different markers (conditional, if, modal verbs, non-verbs, uncertain questions, verbs), separately by corpus (BMJ 2013, Discover 2013).
Table 21.
Percentages of certainty and uncertainty in scientific and popular corpora.