Fig 1.
The interactions among the variables of GDDS.
Table 1.
Equilibrium points and their corresponding eigenvalues of Eq (5).
Fig 2.
Lyapunov exponent spectrum.
Fig 3.
Bifurcation diagram of z with parameter c2.
Fig 4.
The 3D view of the GDDS chaotic attractor with c2 = 0.065.
Fig 5.
The 3D view of the GDDS chaotic attractor with c2 = 0.071.
Fig 6.
A: The limit circle with c2 = 0.122. B: The equilibrium with c2 = 0.129.
Table 2.
Experimental values for x(t), y(t), z(t), and w(t).
Fig 7.
The 2D phase diagram of the 4D actual system.
Fig 8.
Evolution of economic growth with different government control parameter b4.
Benchmark case: b4 = 0.2488. Medium case: b4 = 0.4488. Strong case: b4 = 0.6488. The vertical dotted lines separate the evolution period into three time periods. The sub-figure in the upper-right corner is a partially enlarged view. The figures after this have the same meanings as this figure.
Fig 9.
Evolution of economic growth with different consumers control parameter c3.
Benchmark case: c3 = 0.1037. Medium case: c3 = 0.1437. Strong case: c3 = 0.1637.
Fig 10.
Evolution of pollution intensity with different government control parameter b4.
Benchmark case: b4 = 0.2488. Medium case: b4 = 0.6488. Strong case: b4 = 0.7488.
Fig 11.
Evolution of resource intensity with different government control parameter b4.
Benchmark case: b4 = 0.2488. Medium case: b4 = 0.4488. Strong case: b4 = 0.6488.
Fig 12.
Evolution of resource intensity with different technology level parameter a4.
Benchmark case: a4 = 0.0008. Medium case: a4 = 0.0208. Strong case: a4 = 0.0408.