Fig 1.
Key determinants and their interactions, describing socio-ecological vulnerability under rapid coastal urbanization.
Arrows indicate the direction of influence.
Fig 2.
Six typical configurations of socio-ecological vulnerability of urban populations under rapid coastal urbanization.
Based on Fig 1 (key determinants of vulnerability and how they influence each other) each diagram is a typical and particularly problematic configuration. Red boxes and arrows signify particularly problematic situations and influences based on indicator values, grey boxes signify less problematic situations and influences. Green boxes and arrows refer to entry points for vulnerability reduction. The number of each diagram refers to a corresponding subsection in the Discussion section. The colored boxes in the lower right hand corners indicate which urban vulnerability profiles each diagram applies to. LDCs stands for Least Developed Countries.
Table 1.
Indicators and indicator datasets used, including their assignment to vulnerability components, the key determinants they are related to, and the level of spatial data aggregation.
Fig 3.
Spatial distribution of the seven urban vulnerability profiles under rapid coastal urbanization, and examples of cities located in these profiles.
See Table 2 for a short description of the respective profiles.
Table 2.
Vulnerability profiles—Key characteristics, city examples, and geographic distribution.
Fig 4.
Vulnerability profiles and their average indicator values.
The colored dots show the indicator values of the respective cluster centers. ‘X’ shows where the value is zero for each indicator. The indicator values are normalized between 0 and 1 using the minimum and maximum values for the different indicators. The colors are identical to those used in Fig 3 to depict the geographical distributions of the profiles. Each profile is given a name of a characteristic city located in it to aid the reader. Each indicator is numbered from V1 to V11 for easier comparison to Fig 5.
Fig 5.
Box plots of the vulnerability profiles.
They show the variation in indicator values (all indicator values are between 0 and 1) in each profile. The order of the indicators is identical to Fig 4. The boxes present the 25–75 percentile range of the indicator values; the circles at the end of the dotted lines indicate the 5- and 95-percentile, while the larger circle between them indicates the arithmetic mean; the black band in the box indicates the median value. The number of grid cells in a profile is indicated at the top of each frame.
Fig 6.
The Fraiman measure for each indicator.
The values are between 0 and 1 and express the relative importance of each indicator in separating the clusters. The smaller the value, the more important the indicator is. The value shows the percentage of grid cells identically assigned when the corresponding indicator is blinded. Indicator names are abbreviated—Area expan: Urban expansion; Pop growth: (Rapid) urban population increase; Urban pov: Slum population level; Income/cap: Average per capita income; Gov. effect: Government effectiveness; Wetl. Prev: Wetlands prevalence; Flood occ.: Flood occurrence; Cycl. occ.: Cyclone occurrence; Flood damage: ibid.; Cycl. damage: ibid.; Low-l. pop: Low-lying population.