Fig 1.
Illustrative motor evoked potential.
Single-subject data showing an averaged trace of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle during relaxation. The arrow shows the timing of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered over the contralateral FDI area of the primary motor cortex. The average trace was calculated from 12 pulses delivered at ~0.2 Hz. The EMG response to TMS is called a motor evoked potential (MEP). The size (area or peak-to-peak amplitude) of the MEP reflects corticomotoneuronal excitability. TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; mV, millivolts; ms, milliseconds.
Fig 2.
Flow diagram of the identification, screening and inclusion process.
Table 1.
Risk of bias of included studies and TMS reporting quality summary scores.
Table 2.
Methodological details and results of included studies.
Table 3.
MEP amplitudes (normalised to Mmax) and effect size for Aoyama et al (2012) [47].
Table 4.
MEP amplitude (mean, standard deviation) and effect size, Kaneko et al (2007) [42].
Table 5.
MEP amplitude, SICI, and ICF (mean +/- standard error), effect sizes, and analysis results for Noijma et al (2015) [50].
Table 6.
MEP amplitudes and effect sizes measures for Schutz-Bosbach et al. (2006) [48].
Table 7.
Mean MEP amplitudes, statistical results, and effect sizes for Weiss et al (2014) [54].