Table 1.
Total modelled areas (km2) of area types per biogeographical region [40] and country.
Table 2.
Climatic and socioeconomic factors included in models of land cover flows.
Fig 1.
Binary coded LCF2 (intensification of agriculture) patterns for the three area types (PAs = protected areas, NPAs = non-protected areas, PABs = 1 km protected area buffers) on NUTS3 level using the 0.1 quantiles of the LCF2 distribution.
Fig 2.
Land cover flows (LCFs) in protected areas (PAs), non-protected areas (NPAs), and 1 km protected area buffers (PABs) as shares of total modelled areas.
LCF1 = Urbanisation, LCF2 = Intensification of agriculture, LCF3 = Extensification of agriculture, LCF4 = Afforestation, LCF5 = Deforestation, LCF6 = Formation of water bodies.
Fig 3.
Patterns of land cover flows (LCFs) in protected areas (PAs), non-protected areas (NPAs), and 1 km protected area buffers (PABs) depending on the biogeographical region.
Total areas of all land cover flows per area type and biogeographical region (rounded to km2) are given in italics above the bars. LCF1 = Urbanisation, LCF2 = Intensification of agriculture, LCF3 = Extensification of agriculture, LCF4 = Afforestation, LCF5 = Deforestation, LCF6 = Formation of water bodies.
Fig 4.
Performances of boosted regression trees at NUTS3 and LAU level.
The red line represents a threshold of 0.7 for the area under the ROC curve, which is exceeded in most model runs. LCF1 = Urbanisation, LCF2 = Intensification of agriculture, LCF3 = Extensification of agriculture, LCF4 = Afforestation, LCF5 = Deforestation, LCF6 = Formation of water bodies.
Fig 5.
Relative importances of climatic and socioeconomic factors (see Table 2) in boosted regression trees for LCF1-LCF3 (0.1 quantile) at NUTS3 and LAU level.
LCF1 = Urbanisation, LCF2 = Intensification of agriculture, LCF3 = Extensification of agriculture.
Fig 6.
Relative importances of climatic and socioeconomic factors (see Table 2) in boosted regression trees for LCF4-LCF6 (0.1 quantile) at NUTS3 and LAU level.
LCF4 = Afforestation, LCF5 = Deforestation, LCF6 = Formation of water bodies.
Fig 7.
Key findings on land cover changes across Europe from 2000 to 2012 and the most important associated climatic and socioeconomic factors.