Fig 1.
Flowchart of the selection process for studies.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
Fig 2.
Forest plot of the association of PPIs and risk of dementia and AD.
(A) dementia; (B) AD.
Table 2.
Metaregression analysis of potential sources of heterogeneity.
Table 3.
Subgroup analysis.
Fig 3.
Funnel plot of sensitivity analysis.
(A) dementia; (B) AD.
Fig 4.
Funnel plot of publication bias.
(4A) Begg’s test for all-cause dementia; (4B) Egger’s test for all-cause dementia, (4C) Begg’s test for AD; (4D) Egger’s test for AD.