Fig 1.
Localities of specimens of Neodon examined.
Distributional boundaries of Neodon species novum (red), N. sikimensis (dotted), and N. irene (blue). Collecting localities of museum specimens of N. sikimensis (circles), N. irene (triangle), and N. species novum (squares) examined in the study, with the type locality of N. sikimensis indicated with a star. Localities of sequenced specimens of N. species novum (black squares), approximate location of specimens of N. sikimensis sequenced by Liu et al. [20, 22] (black circle), and N. irene misidentified as N. sikimensis in the FMNH (black triangle). Range shapefiles of N. sikimensis and N. irene acquired from Terrestrial Mammal dataset IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/spatial-data-download). Shapefiles for Himalayan ecoregions acquired from The Nature Conservancy terrestrial ecoregion data set (http://maps.tnc.org/gis_data.html).
Table 1.
Localities of specimens collected from Nepal with accession numbers of sequences obtained in this study.
Table 2.
Partitioning scheme and best molecular evolution models selected by PartitionFinder [43].
Fig 2.
Illustration of occlusal patterns of m1 (top) and M3 (bottom) molars of Neodon.
Illustrations derived from photos of the dentition of specimens (S1 Fig) examined by Nadachowski and Zagorodnyuk following their numbering system (see Fig 2 [16]).
Table 3.
Mean cytochrome b Kimura 2-parameter distance (percent) within and between species of Neodon.
Table 4.
Cytochrome b Kimura 2-parameter distances (percent) between samples from western Nepal.
Fig 3.
Arvicolinae phylogenetic tree.
Bayesian tree of concatenated Cytb, COI, Rbp3, and Ghr genes with nodal support as Maximum Likelihood bootstraps (1000 replicates) and Bayesian posterior probability values (ML/PP; only if >50%) where an asterisk (*) refers to ML = 100 and PP = 1.00.
Table 5.
Occlusal patterns of m1 and M3 in specimens of Neodon examined.
Fig 4.
Box plots of morphometric characters.
Box plots for eight cranial, four dental, and four external field measurements comparing specimens of Neodon species novum (n = 15), N. sikimensis (n = 146), and N. irene (n = 14). Mean±SEM in red and median denoted by thick black horizontal bar. SGL = skull greatest length, SBL = skull basal length, CBL = condylobasal length, ZB = zygomatic breadth, MB = mastoid breadth, IOW = least interorbital width, SH = skull height, ABL = auditory bullae length, LMxT = length of maxillary tooth row, LMbT = length of mandibular tooth row, MM = width across upper molars, TUIB = breath across upper incisors, TBL = total body length, TL = tail length, HF = length of hind foot, and EL = length of ear.
Table 6.
Summary of one-way ANOVA and pairwise t-test comparison between Neodon species novum (Nsn), N. sikimensis (Ns), and N. irene (Ni).
Fig 5.
Projection of canonical variates from discriminant analyses.
Includes analysis of 8 cranial (SGL, SBL, CBL, ZB, MB, IOW, SH, and ABL), 4 dental (LMxT, LMbT, M-M, and TUIB) and 4 external field measurements (TBL, TL, HF, and EL) for Neodon species novum (n = 12), N. sikimensis (n = 74), and N. irene (n = 8).
Fig 6.
Pie chart of variation of molar occlusal patterns.
Comparison of first lower molar (m1) and third upper molar (M3) of Neodon species novum (n = 15) and Neodon sikimensis (n = 156).