Fig 1.
Decision tree illustrating alternative methods to measure cumulative risk.
Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for individual risk indicators.
Table 2.
Bivariate correlations among the individual risk indicators.
Table 3.
Independent and additive associations of the individual risk indicators with externalizing problems.
Fig 2.
Children’s externalizing problems by total number of risks (based on dichotomous indicators).
Fig 3.
Path diagram for reflective indicator (RI) method examining the associations of multiple risk indicators (proportion scores) on children’s externalizing problems.
Unstandardized estimates are provided, and for the effect on externalizing problems, the standardized estimate is shown in parentheses. ***p < .001.
Fig 4.
Path diagram for formative indicator (FI) method examining the associations of multiple risk indicators (proportion scores) on children’s externalizing problems.
Unstandardized estimates are provided, and for the effect on externalizing problems, the standardized estimate is shown in parentheses. ***p < .001.
Fig 5.
Results for person-centered methods (latent class and profile analyses) which identified multiple risk classes based on 12 individual risk indicators (derived from dichotomous, proportion- and z-scores).
Table 4.
Model fit indices for latent class and profile analyses.