Fig 1.
The input variables are: mean daytime land surface temperature (LstdMn), mean amplitude of annual cycle of land surface temperature (LstdAmp1), peak timing of annual cycle of land surface temperature (LstdDPk1), daily mean amount of rainfall (RainMn), mean amplitude of annual cycle of greenness values (NDVIAmp1), mean greenness value (NDVIMn), standard deviation of altitude (AltSd).
Table 1.
Relationship between the input variables and the factors of the PCA at 250 m spatial resolution.
Fig 2.
RGB classification: Pixels similar in terms of climate and environment are similar in colours.
The three spatial resolutions 2 km, 1 km, 250 m are reported from left to right for a zoomed area (black box on the left map of Italy).
Fig 3.
Cluster results at the spatial resolutions of 2 km, 1 km, 250 m from left to right, for whole Italy (A) and in a zoomed area (B).
Fig 4.
Violin plots depicting the characteristics of the seven input variables in the 22 ecoregions (250 m spatial resolution).
The white marker is the median of the data, the box indicates the interquartile range, with a kernel density overlaid. The red line reports the average value across all clusters. Each violin has the same color of the corresponding ecoregion.
Fig 5.
Migration area of the pixels from the resolution i to the more similar clusters in resolution j.
The three pairwise comparisons show that the 80% of the area of a classification migrated to the most similar and to the second most similar clusters of the other classification.
Fig 6.
Spatial distribution of C. imicola, C. obsoletus/scoticus in Italy.
The maximum specimens catched in the most favourable period (April–November) in the period August 2000- August 2017.
Table 2.
Number of trapping sites and collections per ecoregion for Culicoides imicola, C. obsoletus/scoticus.
Fig 7.
Distribution of C. imicola (A) and C. obsoletus/scoticus (B) in the 22 Italian ecoregions, as quantified by the proportion of positive sites by cluster (left) and the maximum catches per positive site (right).
Fig 8.
Spatial distribution of 2008–2016 WND outbreaks reported in Italy in the frame of animal surveillance overlaid to the clusters 9, 14, 17 and 21 where the 87% of outbreaks was located (map).
In the graph, the percentage of outbreaks (in dark grey) and equine farms (in light grey) per ecoregion are reported.