Table 1.
The coding scheme for phonetic features.
Table 2.
The distribution of sounds in the C1V1 of the produced words in Japanese and English.
Table 3.
Component loadings for the Japanese data.
Table 4.
Component loadings for the English data.
Table 5.
Summary of the mixed-effects model for Link (1): “size” and “weight”–“C1 voicing”.
Fig 1.
Averages of object scores for individual phonetic values in Japanese.
Fig 2.
Averages of object scores for individual phonetic values in English.
Fig 3.
Mean number of synthesized scores of “size” and “weight” in “voiced” and “voiceless” consonants (Link 1).
Note: The effect of voicing was significant in Japanese (estimates = 1.62, standard error = .15, df = 2868.2, t.ratio = -10.5, p < .001), indicating that the larger negative scores (i.e., large and heavy motion) were obtained in the condition of the voiced consonants, than in that of the voiceless consonants in the Japanese data.
Fig 4.
Mean number of “speed” in “low” vowels and the others (Link 2).
Note: the effect of low vowel was significant in Japanese (estimates = -0.44, standard error = 0.17, df = 2863.55, t.ratio = -2.6, p < .01).
Fig 5.
Mean number of “speed” in “nasal” consonants and the others (Link 3).
Note: the effect of nasality was significant in Japanese (estimates = 0.68, standard error = 0.22, df = 2876.95, t.ratio = 3.11, p < . 01).
Fig 6.
Mean number of synthesized scores of “speed” and “energeticity” in “voiced” and “voiceless” consonants (Link 4).
Note: the effect of the voicing was significant in Japanese (estimates = 0.59, standard error = 0.15, df = 2913.59, t.ratio = 4.01, p < .0001).
Fig 7.
Mean number of synthesized scores of “weight” and “smoothness” in “velar”/”palatal” consonants and the others (Link 5).
Table 6.
Summary of the mixed-effects model for Link 2): “speed”–“V1 height”.
Table 7.
Summary of the mixed-effects model for Link 3): “speed”–“C1 manner”.
Table 8.
Summary of the mixed-effects model for Link 4): “speed” and “energeticity”–“C1 voicing”.
Table 9.
Summary of the mixed-effects model for Link 5): “weight” and “smoothness”–“C1 place”.
Table 10.
Summary of the findings.