Fig 1.
The average DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day for the 14 most common antibiotic groups during the study period.
Antibiotic groups–e.g. Tetracyclines (J01AA) were created based on the first 5 characters of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system.
Fig 2.
Maps of the average number of DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day for the 209 clinical commissioning groups during the study period.
Not that different scales are used for the different antibiotics. J01AA = tetracyclines; J01CA = penicillins with extended spectrum (mainly amoxicillin); J01CF = Beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins (mainly flucloxacillin); J01FA = macrolides; J01EA = trimethoprim; J01XE = nitrofurantoin.
Fig 3.
Univariate correlations between prescribing of the different antibiotic groups.
Antibiotic groups–e.g. Tetracyclines (J01AA) were created based on the first 5 characters of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system.
Table 1.
Variation in antibiotic resistance among E. coli urinary samples, measured on a monthly basis at the clinical commissioning group level.
Fig 4.
Proportion of samples resistant to antibiotics and antibiotic resistance test rates.
The left column shows the proportion of E. coli urinary samples that are resistant to amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin and nitrofurantoin, respectively. The right column shows the number of samples tested for resistance against these antibiotics per 1000 person-months.
Table 2.
Associations between amoxicillin resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).
Table 3.
Associations between nitrofurantoin resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).
Table 4.
Associations between cephalexin resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).
Table 5.
Associations between ciprofloxacin resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).
Table 6.
Associations between co-amoxiclav resistance among E. coli urinary samples and antibiotic prescribing (DDD per 1000 persons per day).