Fig 1.
Map representing the Brazilian Amazon coast between Marajó Bay and São José Bay, showing the mangrove distribution (green; source: [56]) and the economic and environmental microregions (dark gray) analyzed in the present study.
Table 1.
Drivers used to analyze mangrove land use due to human pressure by microregion on the Brazilian Amazon coast.
Fig 2.
Data vectorization of the Brazilian Amazon coast.
A) each record of land use is represented by a point at the centroid of a polygon of the area of mangrove affected. B) settlements recorded in 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2015 are represented by dark gray polygons. C) urban centers are represented by black triangles at the centroid of the polygon.
Fig 3.
Distance (km) from the occurrences of land use in relation to A) paved roads (red lines), B) unpaved roads (brown lines), and C) urban centers on the Brazilian Amazon coast (black triangles).
Fig 4.
Distribution of mangrove land use and anthropogenic drivers in the different microregions of the Brazilian Amazon coast.
The microregions on the x-axis are arranged in latitudinal order, i.e. from west to east (see Fig 1).
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of the principal anthropogenic drivers (urban centers, paved and unpaved roads, and settlements) associated with mangrove land use on the Brazilian Amazon coast.
Fig 6.
Distribution of roads in the microregions of the Brazilian Amazon coast.
A) Density (km/km2) of paved (in black) and unpaved (in gray) roads. B) Mean distance (km) of the occurrence of mangrove land use to paved roads (in black), unpaved roads (in gray), and urban centers (black lines). The microregions on the x-axis are arranged in latitudinal order, i.e. from west to east (see Fig 1).
Fig 7.
Accumulation of mangrove land use in relation to the distance from anthropogenic drivers.
A) Accumulated mangrove land use (left axis) in relation to paved (black lines) and unpaved (red lines) roads. Percentage mangrove land use (right axis) in relation to paved (orange lines) and unpaved (green lines) roads. B) Accumulated mangrove land use (left axis) in relation to urban centers (gray lines). Percentage mangrove land use (right axis) in relation to urban centers (blue lines). The gray dashed line indicates the distance within which 90% of mangrove land use was registered in relation to paved roads and urban centers (20 km), and unpaved roads (3 km).
Fig 8.
Relationship between the occurrence of mangrove land use and the distribution of anthropogenic drivers on the Brazilian Amazon coast.
Table 2.
Results of the principal components analysis (PCA) of the anthropogenic drivers.
Table 3.
Results of the simple linear and multiple (stepwise) regressions between the occurrence of land use in the mangrove and anthropogenic drivers on the Brazilian Amazon coast.
p = significance level (α = 0.05); a-Population; b-Settlements; c-Urban centers; d-Unpaved road; e-Paved road; f-Total roads.