Table 1.
Patient characteristics and radiation dose parameters.
Table 2.
Objective image quality parameters.
Fig 1.
Feasibility of contrast enhanced CT via i.o. access with very good enhancement of the major thoracic vessels (A) and parenchymatous upper abdominal organs (B).
Fig 2.
CTA of the head and neck via i.o. access.
(A) Maximum intensity projection (MIP) axial reformatted image of the cerebral arteries with excellent enhancement and delineation up to distal segment levels. (B) Very good image quality with excellent enhancement of internal and external carotid arteries. (C) Maximum intensity projection (MIP) coronal reformatted image of the supraaortic branches.
Fig 3.
CTA of the pelvic and leg vessels via i.o. access.
(A) Short CT scan over the i.o. device prior to the main examination to confirm placement within the intramedullary cavity. Very good image quality with sufficient enhancement of the internal and external iliac arteries (B) as well as in the course of femoral arteries (C) and tri-vessel enhancement of the tibiofibular tract (D). (E) Volume-rendering reconstruction of the abdominal aorta and pelvic and leg vessels. (F) X-ray image of the knee of another patient (as A to E) of the i.o. group with correct placement of the i.o. device and contrast enhanced intramedullary cavity after CT scan.