Fig 1.
Location of the greater study area landscape (top), and Tesso Nilo National Park in relation to nearby protected areas within central Sumatra, Indonesia.
Fig 2.
Mapped roads in Tesso Nilo National Park.
Roads (without impact buffers) and land cover (Yellow–plantation, Orange–bare land, Green–forest) within Tesso Nilo National Park, Riau, Sumatra in 2002 (A), and 2016 (B). Land cover from Poor et al. 2019.
Fig 3.
Forest and road impact buffers.
Natural forest distribution in Tesso Nilo National Park for 2002 and 2016 within varying distances from roads: 100 m, 500 m, and 1000 m. Land cover from Poor et al. 2019.
Fig 4.
Changes in forest distribution.
Percent change in average forest patch area (light gray) and the number of forest patches (dark gray) in Tesso Nilo and the greater landscape (A), and percent change in number of forest patches (dark gray), average forest patch area (light gray) and average distance to neighboring forest patches (medium gray) at different road impact widths (B) within Tesso Nilo.
Table 1.
Changes in forest with edge effect buffers.
Amount of forest, number of patches, distance between forest patches (± SD), patch size (± SD), and taxa expected to be impacted by edge effects within Tesso Nilo National Park (TNNP) when taking roads into account at different buffer widths.