Fig 1.
Map of the study areas showing the nine villages of the Kilombero valley where the entomological and human activity surveys were conducted.
Fig 2.
Illustration of the triangulation mixed methods design used to explore and assess factors associated with mosquito biting exposure in Ulanga and Kilombero districts, south-eastern Tanzania.
Fig 3.
Miniaturized double-net trap (DN-Mini) for comparison of indoor and outdoor mosquito densities.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants and their houses in the nine study villages in Ulanga and Kilombero districts, south-eastern Tanzania.
Fig 4.
Proportion of household members indoors, outdoors or away from home at different times of night: (a) Adults and children of school-going age, i.e. all household members six years or older; (b) Children below school-going age, i.e. all members <6yrs.
Fig 5.
Indoor and outdoor activities observed among household members in the peri-domestic areas: a) Adults and children of school-going age, i.e. all household members of six years and above; (b) Children below school-going age, i.e. all household members of below six years.
Table 2.
Gender differences in in the popular peri-domestic activities observed among household members of 6 years and above.
Table 3.
Number of mosquitoes of different species collected indoors and outdoors using CDC-light traps or miniaturized double net traps (DN-Mini) in the study area°.
Fig 6.
Illustration of human activity (outdoors, indoors under nets, or indoors outside nets), and biting activity of (a) An. arabiensis and (b) An. funestus mosquitoes, measured using miniaturized double net trap (DN-Mini), at different times of night.
Table 4.
House characteristics and exposure to mosquito bites in the study villages, and estimates of indoor exposure associated with the different vector species.
Fig 7.
Hourly exposure to indoor and outdoor mosquito bites and proportions preventable using bed nets: (a) An. arabiensis; (b) An. funestus.