Fig 1.
Simultaneous cervical and ocular VEMP.
(a) ground electrode. (b) auditory stimulus. (c) active electrode on channel 2 at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in its upper third. (d) reference electrode on channel 2 at the sternal notch region. (e) active electrode on channel 1 below the lower eyelid. (f) reference electrode on channel 1 below the active electrode. The written informed consent was given by the person.
Fig 2.
Examples of tracings obtained by the VEMP records.
a) normal ocular VEMP. b) normal cervical VEMP. c) altered ocular VEMP (no response). d) altered cervical VEMP (no response).
Table 1.
Comparison of the groups with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), asymptomatic infection and healthy controls according to general characteristics and the disability scales (EDSS and OMDS).
Table 2.
Comparison of the groups with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, asymptomatic infection and healthy controls according to the latency (ms) of cervical VEMP (P13 and N23 waves) and ocular VEMP (N10 and P15 waves).
Table 3.
Comparison of the groups with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), asymptomatic infection and healthy controls according to the result (normal/altered) of ocular and cervical VEMP.
Fig 3.
Comparison of ocular VEMP responses in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, with asymptomatic infection and seronegative controls (n = 78).
G1, group control; G2, group of asymptomatic individuals; G3, group of individuals with HAM. Chi-square or Fisher's Exact test (p≤0.05).
Fig 4.
Comparison of cervical VEMP responses in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, with asymptomatic infection and seronegative controls (n = 78).
G1, group control; G2, group of asymptomatic individuals; G3, group of individuals with HAM. Chi-square or Fisher's Exact test (p≤0.05).