Table 1.
Significant independent variables that were identified as risk factors for welfare outcomes for either or both species in published multi-variable models from the Elephant Welfare Project.
Table 2.
Mean (± SEM) and minimum-maximum seasonal fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations in Asian (n = 106) and African (n = 131) elephants in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project.
Table 3.
Mean (± SEM) fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations and coefficient of variation (CV) for male and female Asian and African elephants in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project.
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics (mean, SEM, minimum, maximum) for independent variables of Asian and African elephants in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project.
Table 5.
Univariate linear regressions of 12-month mean fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in Asian and African elephants in North American zoos and previously published risk factors (independent variables) from the Elephant Welfare Project.
Variables at P<0.15 were considered significant for inclusion in the multi-variable analyses, and are bolded.
Table 6.
Multi-variable model of seasonal fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations for Asian elephants (n = 106) in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project1.
Significant variables are bolded.
Table 7.
Multi-variable model of seasonal fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations for African elephants (n = 131) in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project1.
Significant variables are bolded.
Table 8.
Univariate linear regressions between CV of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations and previously published risk factors (independent variables) for Asian and African elephants in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project.
Variables at P<0.15 were considered significant for inclusion in the multi-variable analyses, and are bolded.
Table 9.
Multi-variable model of CV of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations for Asian (n = 106) and African (n = 131) elephants in North American zoos that participated in the Elephant Welfare Project1.
Significant variables are bolded.
Fig 1.
Correlation between zoos’ enrichment diversity scores and mean coefficient of variation (CV) of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations at zoos (r = -0.339, n = 57, P = 0.010).